References on the Administration of Epinephrine Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

P8857 von Montfort,C., Beier,J.I., Guo,L.P., Kaiser,J.P., Arteel,G.E. Contribution of the sympathetic hormone epinephrine to the sensitizing effect of ethanol on LPS-induced liver damage in mice. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2008; 294(-5-):G1227-G1234. >>> Epinephrine; Saline; SC; Mice; 5 days; Half-life (p. G1227) "very short"; animal info (male, C57BL/6, 4-6 wks old); "Owing to the very short half-life of epinephrine, the hormone was infused instead of injected to maintain a low-grade elevated plasma level over a prolonged period which better mimcs the effect of ethanol." pg. G1227.

P8832 Dina,O.A., Khasar,S.G., essandri-Haber,N., Green,P.G., Messing,R.O., Levine,J.D. Alcohol-induced stress in painful alcoholic neuropathy. European Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 27(-1-):83-92. >>> Epinephrine; Saline; ascorbic acid; SC; Rat; 2004; 3 weeks; Replacement therapy (adrenal medullectomy); animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 250-450g.).

P7594 Khasar,S.G., Green,P.G., Levine,J.D. Repeated sound stress enhances inflammatory pain in the rat. Pain 2005; 116(-1-2-):79-86. >>> Epinephrine bitartrate; Saline; ascorbic acid; SC; Rat; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received no treatment; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley 250-380 g); pain.

P7253 Khasar,S.G., Dina,O.A., Green,P.G., Levine,J.D. Estrogen regulates adrenal medullary function producing sexual dimorphism in nociceptive threshold and beta2-adrenergic receptor-mediated hyperalgesia in the rat. European Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 21(-12-):3379-3386. >>> Epinephrine; Saline; ascorbic acid; SC; Rat; 1007D; 2002; 7, 14 days; Functionality of mp verified by plasma epinephrine levels; replacement therapy (adrenal medullectomy, adrenal gland denervation); dose-response (Fig 3).

P5984 Kitano,Y., von Allmen,D., Kanai,M., Adzick,N.S., Flake,A.W. Epinephrine inhibits tracheal occlusion induced lung growth in fetal sheep. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 2003; 18(-5-):333-337. >>> Epinephrine; Saline; ascorbic acid; SC; Sheep (fetus); 2ML1; 4 days; Teratology.

P5744 Born,G.V.R., Medina,R., Shafi,S., Cardona-Sanclemente,L.E. Factors influencing the uptake of atherogenic plasma proteins by artery walls. Biorheology 2003; 40(-1-3-):13-22. >>> Epinephrine; Angiotensin II; SC; Rat; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; plasma levels reported; cardiovascular; pump rate 0.5 ul hr (p.15).

P5711 Khasar,S.G., Green,P.G., Miao,F.J.P., Levine,J.D. Vagal modulation of nociception is mediated by adrenomedullary epinephrine in the rat. European Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 17(-4-):909-915. >>> ICI 118,551; epinephrine; Saline; ascorbic acid; ethanol; SC; Rat; 1007D; 2004; 3, 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 911); ICI-118, 55 dissolved in ethanol and saline and infused for 7 days via 1007D pumps; epinephrine dissolved in saline and ascorbic acid and delivered for 3, 7, or 14 days via 2004 pumps..

R0161 Born,G.V., Medina,R., Shafi,S., Cardona-Sanclemente,L.E. Endothelial factors in the flux of atherogenic plasma proteins into artery walls. Clin.Hemorheol.Microcirc. 2002; 26(-2-):107-116. >>> Epinephrine; Angiotensin II; Saline; SC; Rat; 1007D; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality verified by epinephrine plasma levels; cardiovascular; peptides; various methods of inducing hypertension explored.

P4994 Juhn,S.K., Li,W.M., Kim,J.Y., Javel,E., Levine,S., Odland,R.M. Effect of stress-related hormones on inner ear fluid homeostasis and function. American Journal of Otology 1999; 20(--):800-806. >>> Epinephrine; Saline; SC; Chinchilla; 1,2,3, or 4 weeks; controls received mp w/ vehicle;.

P3714 Sainio,E.-L. The role of adrenal hormones in the activation of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase by nicotinic acid in rat liver. Meth.Find Exp.Clin.Pharmacol. 1997; 19(-7-):465-470. >>> Epinephrine; Corticosterone; Ethanol; NaCl; SC; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; replacement therapy (adrenalectomy).

P3704 Brandao,F., Paiva,M.Q., Albino-Teixeira,A., Serrao,P., Guimaraes,S. Homogeneous or heterogeneous distribution of systemically administered adrenaline: organ dependence. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 1996; 353(--):579-583. >>> Epinephrine; Water, distilled; IP; rat; 6 days; comparison of short-term iv infusion vs. mp.

P3530 Cardona-Sanclemente,L.E., Born,G.V.R. Increase by adrenaline or angiotensin II of the accumulation of low density lipoprotein and fibrinogen by aortic walls in unrestrained conscious rats. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 117(--):1089-1094. >>> Epinephrine; Angiotensin II; Ascorbic acid; SC; IA (carotid); rat; 2ML4; 1007D; 6 days; controls received saline infusion; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; stability verified by analyzing residual solution.

P3221 Jablonskis,L.T., Howe,P.R.C. Lack of influence of circulating adrenaline on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Blood Pressure 1994; 3(--):112-119. >>> Epinephrine bitartrate; Saline; Ascorbic acid; SC; rat; 2002; 5-6 weeks; long-term study, pumps replaced every 2 weeks; mp implanted in flank region.

P2640 Birnbaum,S.C., Kien,N., Martucci,R.W., Gelzleichter,T.R., Witschi,H., Hendrickx,A.G., Last,J.A. Nicotine- or epinephrine-induced uteroplacental vasoconstriction and fetal growth in the rat. Toxicology 1994; 94(--):69-80. >>> Nicotine free base; Epinephrine acid tartrate; Saline; Ascorbic acid; Water, distilled; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML1; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ saline; toxicology; teratology.

P2391 Deisher,T.A., Narita,H., Zera,P., Ginsburg,R., Bristow,M.R., Billingham,M.E., Fowler,M.B., Hoffman,B.B. Protective effect of clentiazem against epinephrine-induced cardiac injury in rats. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 266(-1-):262-269. >>> Epinephrine bitartrate; Clentiazem; Saline; Ethanol; DMSO; SC; rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; no comment posted.

P2425 Sadeghi,H.M., Eikenburg,D.C. Chronic epinephrine treatment fails to alter prejunctional adrenoceptor modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission in the rat mesentery. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1992; 261(-3-):924-930. >>> Epinephrine; Saline; Ascorbic acid; SC; rat; 6 days; no comment posted.

P1979 Dehner,R., Ikeda,K., Yamori,Y., Grobecker,H. Adrenaline in cardiovascular diseases - effect of B-adrenoceptor antagonists. Z.Kardiol. 1990; 79(-3-):79-88. >>> Epinephrine; Ascorbic acid; rat; 2001; 7 days; English with German summary.

P1584 Terres,W., Becker,B.F., Schrodl,W., Gerlach,E. Effects of chronic treatment with adrenaline or propranolol on platelet function and c-AMP levels in the rat. Cardiovasc.Res. 1989; 23(--):112-116. >>> Epinephrine; Ascorbic acid; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 8 weeks; long-term study, pump replaced every 14 days.

P1486 Trend,S.G., Bruce,N.W. Resistance of the rat embryo to elevated maternal epinephrine concentrations. Am.J Obstet.Gynecol. 1989; 160(--):498-501. >>> Epinephrine; Ascorbic acid; Saline; Water; IV (jugular); rat; 2001; 7 days; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; no stress.

P1554 Deighton,N.M., Hamilton,C.A., Jones,C.R., Reid,J.L. The effects of chronic administration of adrenaline on the function and number of adrenoceptors in the rabbit. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 1988; 12(--):332-337. >>> Epinephrine; Ascorbic acid; Water; IV (femoral); rabbit; 2002; 10 days; dose-response; pump embedded in thigh muscle; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels.

P1412 Becker,B.F., Terres,W., Kratzer,M., Gerlach,E. Blood platelet function after chronic treatment of rats and guinea pigs with nicotine. Klin.Wochenschr. 1988; 66(-11-):28-36. >>> Nicotine base; Epinephrine bitartrate; Ascorbic acid; Saline; Water; SC; guinea-pig; rat; 2002; 2, 8 weeks; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; long-term study; pump replaced every 2 weeks.

P1176 Schwartz,D.D., Eikenburg,D.C. Enhanced endogenous neurotransmitter overflow in the isolated perfused rat kidney after chronic epinephrine administration: lack of a prejunctional beta adrenoceptor influence. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 244(-1-):11-18. >>> Epinephrine; Ascorbic acid; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 6 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; propranolol used to examine influence of beta adrenoceptors and phentolamine for alpha adrenoceptors.

P0861 Schwartz,D.D., Eikenburg,D.C. Cardiovascular responsiveness to sympathetic activation after chronic epinephrine administration. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1986; 238(-1-):148-154. >>> Epinephrine bitartrate; Ascorbic acid; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 6 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; hypertension.

P0713 Upsher,M.E., Khairallah,P.A. Beta-adrenergic receptors in rat myocardium during the development and reversal of hypertrophy and following chronic infusions of angiotensin 11 and epinephrine. Arch.Int.Pharmacodyn. 1985; 274(--):65-79. >>> Angiotensin II; Epinephrine; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 6 and 12 days; mp primed in distilled water 24 hours prior to implant; peptides.

P0710 Mills,D.E., Woods,R.B. Interaction of prolactin with adrenal hormones in blood pressure regulation in rats. Am.J.Physiol. 1985; 249(--):E614-E618. >>> Corticosterone; Epinephrine; Norepinephrine; Prolactin, ovine; Ethanol; Sodium chloride; Water; IP; rat; 2001; 7 days; replacement therapy (adrenalectomy); separate and simultaneous infusion of agents; multiple pumps per animal (2) for CORT; hypertension; controls received mp w/NaCl; peptides.

P0651 Tsujimoto,G., Hoffman,B.B. Desensitization of B-adrenergic receptor-mediated vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Mol.Pharmacol. 1985; 27(-2-):210-217. >>> Epinephrine HCl, l-; HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 1 week; states in error that mp will deliver up to 10 days; mp primed 3 hr prior to implant; bioavailability of EPI determined by plasma level increase.

P0607 Jeffries,W.B., Orzechowski,R.F. Withdrawal syndrome follows abrupt cessation of intracerebroventricular infusion of epinephrine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 1985; 36(-14-):1331-1337. >>> Epinephrine bitartrate; Ascorbic acid; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 5 days; 2 day delay of mp Epi achieved by filling connecting tubing with vehicle; some tubing externalized to allow immediate cutoff of infusion; dose-response data.

P0600 Kumano,K., Khairallah,P.A. Adenylate cyclase activity in rat myocardium following chronic infusions of angiotensin II and epinephrine. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 1984; 6(-5-):756-761. >>> Angiotensin II; Epinephrine, l-; Ascorbic acid; HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 6 or 13 days, or 4 weeks; comparison of agents effects; 2002 mp replaced after 2 weeks; saline used as vehicle w/ AngII, HCl&ascorbic acid w/Epi; controls received vehicle; mp primed in saline before use; peptides.

P0376 Johnson,M.D., Smith,P.G., Mills,E., Schanberg,S.M. Paradoxical elevation of sympathetic activity during catecholamine infusion in rats. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1983; 227(-1-):254-259. >>> Normetanephrine; Epinephrine; Norepinephrine; Radio-isotopes; 3H tracer; Ascorbic acid; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 6 and 7 days; comparison of agents effects; 3H tracer used w/ normetanephrine and NE together; NE and E also used separately with just ascorbic acid.

P0335 Sugden,D., Klein,D.C. B-Adrenergic receptor control of rat pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase. Endocrinology 1983; 113(-1-):348-353. >>> Isoproterenol, d-; Methoxamine; Phenylephrine, l-; ST-587; Clonidine; Epinephrine, l-; Isoproterenol, dl-; Isoproterenol, l-; Prazosin; Propranolol, dl-; Terbutaline; Ascorbic acid; DMSO; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 1 week; comparison of agents effects; saline vehicle used w/ agents 1-8, saline and ascorbic acid used w/ agents 9-11, DMSO and saline used w/ agent 12; ST-587 is an adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive.

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