ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps References:Injection-Infusion Comparisons

ALZET pumps allow researchers to understand and optimize the key determinants of drug action. These determinants are the level of drug exposure and its duration, and the spatial distribution of drug relative to the target tissue. By manipulating these variables, drug effects can be optimized early in preclinical development, allowing clinical studies to be conducted at lower cost and with better results.

A drug's therapeutic index is a ratio reflecting the quotient of its therapeutic effects and adverse effects. Varying the schedule of administration can have a major influence on the therapeutic index of some drugs. Relative to bolus dosing, constant infusion can:

• increase efficacy,
• reduce side effects, or
• both increase efficacy and reduce side effects.

All of these changes can increase a drug's therapeutic index, improving its value as a pharmaceutical. One cannot assume, however, that infusion regimens are superior to injections for all drugs. The relationship between dose, regimen, and drug effect must be carefully explored for each drug. Dose-response testing, where the effects of one or more schedules of injections are compared with the effects of constant infusion, helps elucidate schedule-dependent drug effects. This type of testing has been termed the injection-infusion comparison (IIC) protocol. This protocol is an established method for optimizing the effectiveness of anticancer agents, and it is important in the preclinical testing of proteins, peptides, and other recombinant DNA products.

The references which follow explore the schedule or regimen dependence of a drug's therapeutic index. The notes following each reference detail the substance(s) infused, the route of administration, the animal model used, the vehicle for infusion, the pump model used, the duration of infusion, and notable technical achievements or results. This list does not include references in this category from before 2002. To obtain a complete list of references published since 1975, please contact ALZET Technical Services at (800) 692-2990 (U.S. & Canada), or (408) 367-4036. You may also contact us via e-mail at alzet@durect.com.

A more complete review of the injection-infusion comparison protocol can be found in the following references:

R0050 Fara J, and Urquhart J. The Value of Infusion and Injection Regimens in Assessing Efficacy and Toxicity of Drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 5 (1): pp. 21-25, 1984.

R0051 Urquhart J, Fara J, and Willis KL. Rate-controlled Delivery Systems in Drug and Hormone Research. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 24: pp. 199-236, 1984.

P8437 Henke,E., Perk,J., Vider,J., de Candia,P., Chin,Y., Solit,D.B., Ponomarev,V., Cartegni,L., Manova,K., Rosen,N., Benezra,R. Peptide-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides for targeted inhibition of a transcriptional regulator in vivo. NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 26(-1-):91-100. >>> Oligonucleotide, antisense, peptide conjugated; oligonucleotide, phosphorothioate antisense; peptide, F3; TBS; SC; Mice (nude); mice; 1007D; 1002; 14, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or control peptide and oligo in non-conjugated form, or rcId1-PCAO; comparison of IV injections vs. mp; pumps replaced after 14 days; no stress (see pg. 95, 97); stability verified after 24 hours in 37 C, plasma up to 28 days in 37 C saline; antisense (Id1, rcId1); cancer (breast, lung carcinoma); peptides; toxicology; animal info (female, nude NCR; male, C57J/B6); antisense oligos covalently coupled to address peptide that targets tumor endothelial cells; "no adverse effects on treated mice have been observed." (p. 97).

R0243 Sachdev,D., Yee,D. Disrupting insulin-like growth factor signaling as a potential cancer therapy. MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2007; 6(-1-):1-12. >>> Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, recomb. human; BSA; SC; Mice; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 4) "very short;" cancer (breast); peptides; animal info (athymic); review, see pg. 4-5; "IGFBP-1 had to be administered via osmotic pumps because of its very short half-life and it was ineffective on a twice-daily schedule in vivo." (p. 4).

R0242 Loescher,W. The pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in rats: Consequences for maintaining effective drug levels during prolonged drug administration in rat models of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2007; 48(-7-):1245-1258. >>> Levetiracetam; phenobarbital; phenytoin; valproic acid; vigabatrin; Water, distilled; PEG 300; glycerol; PEG 400; propylene glycol; SC; IP; Rat; mice; gerbils; 2ML1; 2ML2; 1-4,2 weeks; 7 days; Comparison of IV, IP injections vs. food or water delivery vs mp; pumps replaced (every week in one set of experiments); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 1255); peritoneal irritation, peritonitis in some of the IP experiments); half-life (p. 1247) table 1 (18 compounds); animal info (epileptic, Sprague-Dawley, Wistar); review; see p. 1254-1255; see table 4 for advantages + disadvantages of different applicatoin routes.

P8586 Scarpace,P.J., Matheny,M., Zhang,Y., Cheng,K.Y., Tumer,N. Leptin antagonist reveals an uncoupling between leptin receptor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling and metabolic responses with central leptin resistance. J Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 2007/2; 320(-2-):706-712. >>> Leptin antagonist; NaHCO3; CSF/CNS; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of ICV injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (male, F344xBN, 3 months old, 275-375 grams).

P8550 Henriquez-Hernandez,L.A., Flores-Morales,A., Santana-Farre,R., Axelson,M., Nilsson,P., Norstedt,G., Fernandez-Perez,L. Role of pituitary hormones on 17alpha-ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis in rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 320(-2-):695-705. >>> Growth hormone, recomb. human; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2004; 1 week; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; replacement therapy (hypophysectomy); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 2-3 months old).

P8541 Muramatsu,Y., Furuichi,Y., Tojo,N., Moriguchi,A., Maemoto,T., Nakada,H., Hino,M., Matsuoka,N. Neuroprotective efficacy of FR901459, a novel derivative of cyclosporin A, in in vitro mitochondrial damage and in vivo transient cerebral ischemia models. Brain Research 2007; 1149(--):181-190. >>> Cyclosporin A; FR901459; Cremophor EL; saline;; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1003D; 48 hours; Dose-response (fig. 7); comparison of IV injections vs. mp; ischemia (cerebral); animal info (male, Wistar, 9-10 weeks old, 274-280 grams, MCAO).

P8533 Morrey,J.D., Siddharthan,V., Olsen,A.L., Wang,H., Julander,J.G., Hall,J.O., Li,H., Nordstrom,J.L., Koenig,S., Johnson,S., Diamond,M.S. Defining limits of treatment with humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibody for West Nile virus neurological infection in a hamster model. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 2007/7; 51(-7-):2396-2402. >>> Antibody, monoclonal, hE16; CSF/CNS (pons); Hamster; 2001D; 24 hours; Controls received aCSF; functionality of mp verified by previous study with dye; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; post op. care (buprenorphine); animal info (female, Syrian golden, >7 weeks old); cannula placement confirmed with dye; E16 is anti-domain III of the West Nile Virus envelope protein.

P8515 Ishii,T., Muranaka,R., Tashiro,O., Nishimura,M. Chronic intracerebroventricular administration of anti-neuropeptide Y antibody stimulates starvation-induced feeding via compensatory responses in the hypothalamus. Brain Research 2007; 1144(--):91-100. >>> Antibody, rabbit, anti-neuropeptide Y; Saline; CSF/CNS; Mice; 2002; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of ICV injections vs. mp; ALZET brain infusion kit 3 used; animal info (male, ddy, 7 weeks old, 35-40 g).

P8514 Ishikawa,M., Kitayama,J., Yamauchi,T., Kadowaki,T., Maki,T., Miyato,H., Yamashita,H., Nagawa,H. Adiponectin inhibits the growth and peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer through its specific membrane receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. CANCER SCIENCE 2007; 98(-7-):1120-1127. >>> Adiponectin, recomb. mouse; PBS; IP; Mice (nude); 2004; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of intratumoral injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 1124); cancer (gastric); peptides; animal info (female, BALB/c, nude, 5 weeks old); "Continuous adiponectin infusion into the peritoneal cavity caused significant antitumor effects." (p. 1126); "The intraperitoneal infusion did not cause apparent side effects with no significant change of total weight." (p. 1124).

P8504 Wilkinson,R.W., Odedra,R., Heaton,S.P., Wedge,S.R., Keen,N.J., Crafter,C., Foster,J.R., Brady,M.C., Bigley,A., Brown,E., Byth,K.F., Barrass,N.C., Mundt,K.E., Foote,K.M., Heron,N.M., Jung,F.H., Mortlock,A.A., Boyle,F.T., Green,S. AZD1152, a selective inhibitor of Aurora B kinase, inhibits human tumor xenograft growth by inducing apoptosis. Clinical Cancer Research 2007; 13(-12-):3682-3688. >>> AZD1152; SC; Mice; 2001D; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 3684); comparison of IV or IP injections; enzyme inhibitor (aurora B kinase); cancer; xenograft; animal info (male, 8-12 weeks old, Swiss athymic).

P8499 Tsai,C.T., Wang,D.L., Chen,W.P., Hwang,J.J., Hsieh,C.S., Hsu,K.L., Tseng,C.D., Lai,L.P., Tseng,Y.Z., Chiang,F.T., Lin,J.L. Angiotensin II increases expression of alpha 1C subunit of L-type calcium channel through a reactive oxygen species and cAMP response element- binding protein-dependent pathway in HL-1 myocytes. Circulation Research 2007; 100(-10-):1476-1485. >>> Angiotensin II; Water; SC; Rat; 3,7 days; 6 hours; Comparison of IP injections vs. mp; cardiovascular; peptides; animal info (Wistar, 300 g).

P8477 Mack,C., Wilson,J., Athanacio,J., Reynolds,J., Laugero,K., Guss,S., Vu,C., Roth,J., Parkes,D. Pharmacological actions of the peptide hormone amylin in the long-term regulation of food intake, food preference, and body weight. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2007; 293(-5-):R1855-R1863. >>> Amylin; DMSO; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4,8,11 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma amylin concentrations; dose-response (fig 1); comparison of IP injections vs. mp; long-term study; pumps replaced every 4 weeks; half-life (p. R1861) "short;" peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, Levin DIOP); 50% DMSO used; endocrinology; "Due to its short half-life, amylin was administered via subcutaneous infusion as a proof of concept for its potential use as an antiobesity agent." (p. R1861).

P8465 Zhou,L., Sutton,G.M., Rochford,J.J., Semple,R.K., Lam,D.D., Oksanen,L.J., Thornton-Jones,Z.D., Clifton,P.G., Yueh,C.Y., Evans,M.L., McCrimmon,R.J., Elmquist,J.K., Butler,A.A., Heisler,L.K. Serotonin 2C receptor agonists improve type 2 diabetes via melanocortin-4 receptor signaling pathways. Cell Metabolism 2007; 6(-5-):398-405. >>> MCPP; BVT.X; Saline; SC; Mice; mice (knockout); 7,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. SC mp; diabetes; animal info (diet-induced obese male); research diets 5-HT agonist.

P8460 Bright,R., Steinberg,G.K., Mochly-Rosen,D. Delta PKC mediates microcerebrovascular dysfunction in acute ischemia and in chronic hypertensive stress in vivo. Brain Research 2007; 1144(--):146-155. >>> TAT (47-57), dv1-1-; TAT (47-57); SC; Rat; 2ML2; 4-6 weeks; 6-7 days; Controls received mp w/ control peptide TAT; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; pumps replaced every 2 weeks; enzyme inhibitor (Protein kinase C); cardiovascular; peptides; ischemia (cerebral); animal info (11-12 wks old, male).

P8448 Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J. A unique role for striatal serotonergic systems in the withdrawal from adolescent nicotine administration. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):10-16. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1007D; 1002; 2ML2; 7,17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; comparison of sc injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 13-14); dependence; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, 30 days old, male, 90 days old).

P8434 Samaha,A.N., Seeman,P., Stewart,J., Rajabi,H., Kapur,S. "Breakthrough" dopamine supersensitivity during ongoing antipsychotic treatment leads to treatment failure over time. Journal of Neuroscience 2007; 27(-11-):2979-2986. >>> Haloperidol; olanzapine; Acetic acid, glacial; water; NaOH; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2,12,13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 2985), 24 hours in humans, 1.4 hours in rats; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 225-250 grams); "Animal studies that use a mode of drug administration that more closely mimics clinical antipsychotic treatment (i.e., relatively continuous treatment) might be more informative about the true effects of these drugs in humans." (p. 2985).

P8433 Svensson,C.I., Zattoni,M., Serhan,C.N. Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxin inhibit inflammatory pain processing. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2007; 204(-2-):245-252. >>> Lipoxin A4; lipoxin B4; lipoxin B4, 8,9-acetylenic; CSF/CNS (intrathecal, lumbar); Rat; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IT injections vs. mp; animal info (male, sprague-dawley, 250-300 grams); "LXA4 was administered via continuous IT infusion that resulted in a prolonged antihyperalgesic effect compared with IT bolus injections." (P. 247).

P8409 Prada,C.M., Garcia-Alloza,M., Betensky,R.A., Zhang-Nunes,S.X., Greenberg,S.M., Bacskai,B.J., Frosch,M.P. Antibody-mediated clearance of amyloid-beta peptide from cerebral amyloid angiopathy revealed by quantitative in vivo imaging. Journal of Neuroscience 2007; 27(-8-):1973-1980. >>> Antibody, anti-amyloid protein beta (10D5); antibody, anti-human tau (16B5); Dye, indocyanine green; CSF/CNS; Mice (transgenic); 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ anti-Tau AB; comparison of single CNS injection vs. mp; animal info (Tg2576, 10-13 months old); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, CAA); permanent cranial window for serial imaging with multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy; "with continous infusion of anti-AB antibody, the clearance of CAA was more robust and continued throughout the duration of the treatment." (pg. 1978).

P8344 Bondi,C.O., Barrera,G., Lapiz,M.D.S., Bedard,T., Mahan,A., Morilak,D.A. Noradrenergic facilitation of shock-probe defensive burying in lateral septum of rats, and modulation by chronic treatment with desipramine. PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY&BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2007; 31(-2-):482-495. >>> Desipramine; Ethanol; IP; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 7, 14, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma DMI levels; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; post op. care (penicillin G); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-250 grams); 10% ETOH.

P8334 Yao,Z.L., Zhao,B.T., Hoffman,E.P., Ghimbovschi,S., DuBois,D.C., Almon,R.R., Jusko,W.J. Application of scaling factors in simultaneous modeling of microarray data from diverse chips. PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2007; 24(-4-):643-649. >>> Methylprednisolone; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; replacement therapy (adrenalectomy); comparison of IV bolus injection vs. mp; animal info (male, Wistar).

P8319 Burgos-Ramos,E., Hervas-Aguilar,A., Puebla-Jimenez,L., Boyano-Adanez,M.C., rilla-Ferreiro,E. Chronic but not acute intracerebroventricular administration of amyloid beta-peptide(25-35) decreases somatostatin content, adenylate cyclase activity, somatostatin-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, and adenylate cyclase I levels in the rat hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2007; 85(-2-):433-442. >>> Amyloid protein, beta (25-35); amyloid protein, beta (35-25); Acetic acid; CSF/CNS; Rat; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of ICV injections vs. mp peptides; animal info (male, Wistar, 200-250 grams); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease).

P8305 Mook,O.R., Baas,F., de Wissel,M.B., Fluiter,K. Evaluation of locked nucleic acid-modified small interfering RNA in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2007; 6(-3-):833-843. >>> RNA, small interfering; RNA, small interfering, LNA-modified; Radio-isotopes, 3H-; SC; Mice (nude); 1007D; 7 days; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ mismatch siRNA or saline; comparison of IV injections vs. mp; stability verified by incubation in mouse serum; half-life (p. 837) increased in LNA-modified; unmodified completely degraded in<5 hours; cancer (pancreatic); animal info (NMRI nu/nu, 8-10 weeks old); siRNA against RNA polymerase II, enhanced GFP, or mismatch.

P8303 Zissen,M.H., Zhang,G., McKelvy,A., Propst,J.T., Kendig,J.J., Sweitzer,S.M. Tolerance, opioid-induced allodynia and withdrawal associated allodynia in infant and young rats. Neuroscience 2007; 144(-1-):247-262. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 250); comparison of acute or intermittently injections vs. mp; vs. pellet; good methods (p. 249); tolerance; post op. care (IP penicillin, fluid therapy); animal info (Sprague-Dawley); morphine withdrawal; behavioral testing.

P8302 Zhang,X.F., Connolly,C., Duquette,M., Lawler,J., Parangi,S. Continuous administration of the three thrombospondin-1 type 1 repeats recombinant protein improves the potency of therapy in an orthotopic human pancreatic cancer model. Cancer Letters 2007; 247(-1-):143-149. >>> Thrombospondin-1, three type 1 repeats; PBS; SC; Mice (SCID); 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; stability verified by incubation in pump, 7 days; cancer (pancreatic); peptides; animal info (female, SCID, 4-6 weeks old); antiangiogenesis therapy; 3TSR; "Continuous administration of 3TSR reduced dosage and improved therapeutic potency." p. 146.

P8301 Badn,W., Hegardt,P., Fellert,M.A., Darabi,A., Esbjoernsson,M., Smith,K.E., Janelidze,S., Salford,L.G., Visse,E., Siesjoe,P. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase enhances anti-tumour immune responses in rats immunized with IFN-gamma-secreting glioma cells. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 65(-3-):289-297. >>> L-NAME; L-NIL; Saline; IP; Rat; 2001; 1 week; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 3); comparison of IP injections vs. mp; enzyme inhibitor (Nitric oxide synthase, iNOS); cancer (glioma); L-NIL is L-N6- (1-iminsethyl) -L-lysine.

P8292 van den Hoek,A.M., Heijboer,A.C., Voshol,P.J., Havekes,L.M., Romijn,J.A., Corssmit,E.P.M., Pijl,H. Chronic PYY3-36 treatment promotes fat oxidation and ameliorates insulin resistance in C57BL6 mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2007; 292(-1-):E238-E245. >>> Peptide YY (3-36); Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; plasma levels taken; comparison of bolus injection vs. mp; animal info (C57BL/6, male, 3 months old, 35 grams); diabetes; gut hormone.

P8276 Rustamzadeh,E., Hall,W.A., Todhunter,D.A., Vallera,V.D., Low,W.C., Liu,H.Y., Panoskaltsis-Mortari,A., Vallera,D.A. Intracranial therapy of glioblastoma with the fusion protein DTAT in immunodeficient mice. International Journal of Cancer 2007; 120(-2-):411-419. >>> DTAT; Saline; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1007D; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (table 1); comparison of bolus ICV injections vs. mp; cancer (glioblastoma); toxicology; peptides; animal info (C57BL/6, female, 12 weeks old); diptheria toxin; "delivery of DTAT resulted in about a 16 fold increase in maximum tolerated dose." (p. 411); "The results of this experiment indicate that the toxicity of uPAR can be reduced by CED (mp) delivery." (p. 416).

P8273 Yao,Y.Y., Yin,H., Shen,B., Chao,L., Chao,J. Tissue kallikrein infusion prevents cardiornyocyte apoptosis, inflammation and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2007; 140(-1-2-):12-20. >>> Kallikrein, rat tissue; icatibant; Saline; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma TK levels; comparison of intramyocardial injections vs. mp; cardiovascular; peptides; ischemia (cardiac); animal info (male, Wistar, 250-280 g, left coronary artery ligation); "The advantage of kallikrein protein infusion via osmotic minipumps is to provide a stable supply of the therapeutic protein or peptide without potential side effects." (p. 18); "Kallikrein protein infusion has advantages over adenovirus-mediated delivery." (p. 18).

P8246 Sud,R., Ignatowski,T.A., Lo,C.P.K., Spengler,R.N. Uncovering molecular elements of brain-body communication during development and treatment of neuropathic pain. BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 2007; 21(-1-):112-124. >>> Tumor necrosis Factor-a, recomb. rat: tumor necrosis factor-a, recomb. rat, heat-inactivated; amitriptyline; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or heat-inactivated rr-TNFa; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 300-350g); chronic constriction injury to the right sciatic nerve.

P8226 Michaud-Levesque,J., Demeule,M., Beliveau,R. In vivo inhibition of angiogenesis by a soluble form of melanotransferrin. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28(-2-):280-288. >>> Melanotransferrin, soluble, truncated recomb. human; melanotransferrin, [125I]-soluble, truncated recomb. human; Ringers's solution; HEPES solution; SC; Mice (nude); 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 6); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 285) ~7.6 hours + or - 0.9 hours; cancer; peptides; animal info (female, athymic CD-1-nuBr, 5-10 weeks old); "The use of ALZET osmotic pump infusion technique provided a higher therapeutic efficacy as compared with repeated S.C. injections, emphasizing the advantages of constant infusion rather than pulse-dose drug inputs for antiangiogenic effects." (p. 287).

R0239 Richardson,R.T., Noushi,F., O'Leary,S. Inner ear therapy for neural preservation. AUDIOLOGY AND NEURO-OTOLOGY 2006; 11(-6-):343-356. >>> Nerve groth factor; NT-3; adenovirus; brain-derived neurotrophic factor; perilymph, artificial; glial-derived neurotrophic factor; ciliary neurotrophic factor; fibroblast growth factor, acidic; fibroblast growth factor-1; fibroblast growth factor-2; fibroblast growth factor, basic; Ear (cochlea); ear (scala tympani); Guinea-pig; 1,2,4,8 weeks; 15-60, 11-12, 26 days; Comparison of polymers, hydrogels, gene therapy, cell-based therapy, and injections vs. mp; long-term study; pumps replaced; no stress (see pg. 350); half-life (p. 344), short in blood; gene therapy; peptides; animal info (deafened); Table 2; "The mini-osmotic pump device is ideally suited to studying the effects of neurotrophic factors in the cochlea experimentally." (p. 350).

P8538 Jarukamjorn,K., Sakuma,T., Jaruchotikamol,A., Oguro,M., Nemoto,N. Regulation of mouse hepatic CYP2D9 mRNA expression by growth and adrenal hormones. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 2006; 21(-1-):29-36. >>> Growth hormone, recomb. human; Saline; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; or no treatment; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, female, C57BL/6NCRJ, 7-8 weeks old).

P8386 Serralta,A., Barcia,J.A., Ortiz,P., Duran,C., Hernandez,M.E., Alos,M. Effect of intracerebroventricular continuous infusion of valproic acid versus single i.p. and i.c.v. injections in the amygdala kindling epilepsy model. Epilepsy Research 2006; 70(-1-):15-26. >>> Valproic acid; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 2002; 7 days; Controls received no treatment; dose-response (fig. 1); comparison of icv, IP injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 22); toxicology; multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (male, Wistar, amygdala-kindled epilepsy, 380-420g.); mp primed 1 hr. in 37.5 celsius saline; evans blue dye used to confirm cannula placement, "chronic i.c.v. VPA infusion affords protection against kindled seizures accompanied by less ataxia and sedation" (pg. 24).

P8339 Schertzer,J.D., Lynch,G.S. Comparative evaluation of IGF-I gene transfer and IGF-I protein administration for enhancing skeletal muscle regeneration after injury. Gene Therapy 2006; 13(-23-):1657-1664. >>> Insulin-like growth factor I; SC; Mice; 1002; 3, 10, 14 days; Controls received non-coding plasmid; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of gene transfer vs. mp; peptides; animal info (male, C57BL10, 12-14 weeks old, myotoxic tibialis anterior muscle injury).

P8298 Chi,X.L., Zhou,W.X., Cheng,J.P., Zhang,Y.X., Liu,K.L. In vivo characterization of a novel GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) antagonist, LXT-101, in normal male rats. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2006; 136(-1-3-):122-129. >>> LXT-101; Mannitol; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received sham operation; dose-response (fig. 3); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-220 grams); GnRH analog; "sustained release of LX7-101 (by mp) needs a smaller dosage for maintenance of the castrated level of serum testosterone than those given by single or multiple injections." (p. 128).

P8296 Sykes,J.M., Ramsay,E.C., Schumacher,J., Daniel,G.B., Cox,S., Papich,M. Evaluation of an implanted osmotic pump for delivery of amikacin to corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata). JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE 2006; 37(-3-):373-380. >>> Amikacin; Saline, sterile; Intracoelomic; Snake (corn); 1002; ; Functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; comparison of IM injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 376) 44-45 hours; animal info (male, female, 115-328 grams); "…pumps delivered the drug at a predictable rate and were efficacious in achieving a constant plasma concentration of amikacin at the predicted level. Osmotic pumps may offer a safer alternative to periodic intramuscular injections for drug delivery in venomous or aggressive snakes." (p. 373); temperatures between 27.2-27.7 C.

P8295 Uesato,N., Fukui,K., Maruhashi,J., Tojo,A., Tajima,N. JTE-607, a multiple cytokine production inhibitor, ameliorates disease in a SCID mouse xenograft acute myeloid leukemia model. Experimental Hematology 2006; 34(-10-):1385-1392. >>> JTE-607; Cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-beta; SC; Mice (SCID); 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of bolus injections vs. mp; cancer (leukemia); animal info (8-9 weeks old); xenograft; multiple cytokine inhibitor; antileukemic; "Administration of JTE-607 using osmotic pumps reduced the number of leukemic cells...and significantly prolonged the mouse survival..." p. 1386.

P8278 Sakurai,S., Kojima,H., Uemura,M., Satoh,H., Fukui,H. Local regulator adrenomedullin contributes to the circulatory disturbance in cirrhotic rats. WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2006; 12(-13-):2095-2102. >>> Adrenomedullin, human; IV (jugular); Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IV injections vs. mp; cardiovascular; peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 150 grams); "Chronic infusion of AM (1.0 mg/h for 14 days) which keeps plasma human AM concentrations within the physiological limit reduced the vascular resistance and increased the blood flow in both of the systemic and splanchnic circulations." (p. 2100).

P8274 Sava,V., Reunova,O., Velasquez,A., Sanchez-Ramos,J. Can low level exposure to ochratoxin-A cause parkinsonism?. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2006; 249(-1-):68-75. >>> Ochratoxin-A; Sodium bicarbonate; SC; Mice; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 3); comparison of IP injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 71); half-life (p. 71) 20-224 hours in various brain tissue; animal info (male, Swiss ICR, 22 grams); neurodegenerative (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease); mycotoxin; "Notably chronic exposure did not alter behavior or spontaneous locomotor activity, nor did it result in abnormal clasping or posturing of the limbs when handled by the tail." (p. 71).

P8244 Redjal,N., Chan,J.A., Segal,R.A., Kung,A.L. CXCR4 inhibition synergizes with cytotoxic chemotherapy in gliomas. Clinical Cancer Research 2006; 12(-22-):6765-6771. >>> AMD3100; PBS; SC; Mice; 15 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; cancer (glioma); bioluminescence, IVIS imaging system; combination therapy; CXCR4 inhibitor.

P8212 Mack,C.M., Moore,C.X., Jodka,C.M., Bhavsar,S., Wilson,J.K., Hoyt,J.A., Roan,J.L., Vu,C., Laugero,K.D., Parkes,D.G., Young,A.A. Antiobesity action of peripheral exenatide (exendin-4) in rodents: effects on food intake, body weight, metabolic status and side-effect measures. International Journal of Obesity 2006; 30(-9-):1332-1340. >>> Exendin-4; DMSO; water; SC; Rat; mice; 2004; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig.3); comparison of IP injections vs. mp; half-life (p.1337) 150 min. in rats; peptides animal info (male, C57BL/6J, 4 wks old, 14g.; male, Sprague-Dawley, 340g.); 50% DMSO; obesity.

P8137 Ishikawa,K., Kudo,Y., Nishida,N., Suemoto,T., Sawada,T., Iwaki,T., Doh-ura,K. Styrylbenzoazole derivatives for imaging of prion plaques and treatment of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Journal of Neurochemistry 2006; 99(-1-):198-205. >>> BF-168; DMSO; SC; Mice; 2004; 4 weeks; Controls received IV vehicle injection or no treatment; comparison of IV injections vs. mp; no stress (see p.200); animal info (Tga20, 30g.); neurodegenerative (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, prion diseases); 10% DMSO; "there was a problem in that administration frequency was limited because animal tail tissue was damaged by repetitive intravenous injections." (p.204); "Animals showed no apparent adverse effects of the (mp) treatment" (p.200).

P8120 Filipiak,W.E., Saunders,T.L. Advances in transgenic rat production. TRANSGENIC RESEARCH 2006; 15(-6-):673-686. >>> Follicle stimulating hormone, porcine; SC; Rat; 1003D; ; Comparison of SC injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley CD, 4-6 wk old).

P8111 Jackson,E.L., Garcia-Verdugo,J.M., Gil-Perotin,S., Roy,M., Quinones-Hinojosa,A., VandenBerg,S., varez-Buylla,A. PDGFRx-positive B cells are neural stem cells in the adult SVZ that form glioma-like growths in response to increased PDGF signaling. Neuron 2006; 51(-2-):187-199. >>> Platelet-derived growth factor-AA; Saline; BSA; CSF/CNS; Mice; 6, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of icv injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (CD-1, GFAP-Tva, 2-4 months old).

P8084 Hirayama,S., Shiraishi,T., Shirakusa,T., Higuchi,T., Miller,E.J. Prevention of neutrophil migration ameliorates rat lung allograft rejection. MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2006; 12(-9-10-):208-213. >>> Antileukinate; PBS; IP; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of bolus IM injection vs. mp; immunology; peptides; ischemia (lung); animal info (male, Fischer 344, 250-300g, left lung transplantation); mp primed 4 hrs in 37 celcius saline.

P8078 Hoe,H.S., Pociuausek,A., Dai,H.N., Chakraborty,G., Harris,D.C., Rebeck,G.W. Effects of apoE on neuronal signaling and APP processing in rodent brain. Brain Research 2006; 1112(-;-):70-79. >>> Apolipoprotein E; apolipoprotein E3, recomb human; apolipoprotein E4, recomb human; Saline; CSF/CNS (dorsal hippocampus); Rat; 2001; 1 week; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of icv injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, 230-250g.); correct infusion sites confirmed post mortem; tissue perfusion (hippocampus).

P8075 Myint,K.M., Yamamoto,Y., Doi,T., Kato,I., Harashima,A., Yonekura,H., Watanabe,T., Shinohara,H., Takeuchi,M., Tsuneyama,K., Hashimoto,N., Asano,M., Takasawa,S., Okamoto,H., Yamamoto,H. RAGE control of diabetic nephropathy in a mouse model - Effects of RAGE gene disruption and administration of low-molecular weight heparin. Diabetes 2006; 55(-9-):2510-2522. >>> Heparin, low molecular weight; PBS; SC; Mice (transgenic); 3 months; Controls received vehicle by sc injection; comparison of sc injections vs. mp; animal info (male, iNOSTg, 1-4 months old diabetic).

P8071 Morrey,J.D., Siddharthan,V., Olsen,A.L., Roper,G.Y., Wang,H., Baldwin,T.J., Koenig,S., Johnson,S., Nordstrom,J.L., Diamond,M.S. Humanized monoclonal antibody against West Nile virus envelope protein administered after neuronal infection protects against lethal encephalitis in hamsters. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006; 194(-9-):1300-1308. >>> Antibody, monoclonal hE16; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (parenchyma); Hamster; 2001D; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or saline; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; brain tissue distribution; animal info (female, Syrian golden, 7 wks. old, 116g., infected w/ West Nile Virus); hE16 is specific for WNV envelope protein domain III "this delivery system facilitated broad delivery of Ab into the brain, with highest levels near the site of cannulation." (p.1305); tissue perfusion (parenchyma).

P8069 Mitchell,H.A., Ahern,T.H., Liles,L.C., Javors,M.A., Weinshenker,D. The effects of norepinephrine transporter inactivation on locomotor activity in mice. Biological Psychiatry 2006; 60(-10-):1046-1052. >>> Reboxetine; bupropion; imipramine; desipramine; venlafaxine; Saline; ethanol; IP; Mice; 2004; 18-20 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; no stress (see p.1049); post op. care (Buprenorphine); animal info (male, female, C57BL6/J, 3-7 months old); 50% ETOH vehicle for desipramine; mp primed 1 day in 37 celsius saline.

P8062 Gelling,R.W., Morton,G.J., Morrison,C.D., Niswender,K.D., Myers,MG Jr, Rhodes,C.J., Schwartz,M.W. Insulin action in the brain contributes to glucose lowering during insulin treatment of diabetes. Cell Metabolism 2006; 3(-1-):67-73. >>> LY294002; CSF/CNS (third ventricle); Rat; 2002; 9 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of icv injections vs. mp; enzyme inhibitor (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-350g); cannula placement confirmed; tissue perfusion (ventricle).

P7972 Zhang,X.W., Lee,T.H., Xiong,X.Y., Chen,Q., Davidson,C., Wetsel,W.C., Ellinwood,E.H. Methamphetamine induces long-term changes in GABAA receptor alpha 2 subunit and GAD67 expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006; 351(-1-):300-305. >>> Methamphetamine; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of injections vs. mp; good methods (p. 301); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 300-320 grams); behavioral study.

P7915 Monti,B., Berteotti,C., Contestabile,A. Subchronic Rolipram delivery activates hippocampal CREB and arc, enhances retention and slows down extinction of conditioned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31(-2-):278-286. >>> Rolipram; DMSO; saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or sham operated; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 281); enzyme inhibitor (phosphodiesterase); animal info (male, Wistar, 10 weeks old); 50% DMSO used; "These concomitant effects were only observed in rats treated subchronically through osmotic minipumps, indicating that attainment of an increased steady level of expression and activity was essential in the enhancement of the behavioral response." (P. 283).

P7901 Ahern,T.H., Javors,M.A., Eagles,D.A., Martillotti,J., Mitchell,H.A., Liles,L.C., Weinshenker,D. The effects of chronic norepinephrine transporter inactivation on seizure susceptibility in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31(-4-):730-738. >>> Reboxetine; sertraline; desipramine; bupropion; imipramine; venlafaxine; Saline; ethanol; IP; Mice; 2004; 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum drug levels; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of IP injections vs. mp; stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 731) Dbh -/- mice did not tolerate mp surgery well and showed signs of general malaise. All other mice strains showed no stress.; post op. care (buprenorphine); animal info (female, male, 3-7 month old; C57BL/6J NET -/- or wt; 257BL/6J 129SvEv Dbh -/-, +/-) 50% ethanol; mp primed 2 days in 37 celsius saline; "we achieved serum levels that fell within or very close to human therapeutic range for each drug with the exception of sertraline." (pg. 732).

P7900 Thompson,E.L., Murphy,K.G., Patterson,M., Bewick,G.A., Stamp,G.W.H., Curtis,A.E., Cooke,J.H., Jethwa,P.H., Todd,J.F., Ghatei,M.A., Bloom,S.R. Chronic subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin-54 causes testicular degeneration in adult male rats. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2006; 291(-5-):E1074-E1082. >>> Kisspeptin-54; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001D; 2001; 2002; 1, 2, 3, 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of SC injection vs. mp; no stress (see pg. E1078); stability verified by 14 days in mp in 37 celsius saline (see fig. 2); good methods pg. E1075; peptides; post op. care (flucloxacillin, amoxicillin); animal info (male, Wistar, 275-325g.); mp primed for 3hrs. (2001D) or overnight (2001, 2002) in 37 celsius saine; "animals were healthy throughout the study period. No adverse behaviors were observed in any of the treatment groups at any point during the study." (pg. E1078).

P7884 Jhamandas,K., Milne,B., Sutak,M., Gouarderes,C., Zajac,J.M., Yang,H.Y.T. Facilitation of spinal morphine analgesia in normal and morphine tolerant animals by neuropeptide SF and related peptides. Peptides 2006; 27(-5-):953-963. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 6 days; Comparison of IT injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-275g.).

P7878 Koyanagi,S., Okazawa,S., Kuramoto,Y., Ushijima,K., Shimeno,H., Soeda,S., Okamura,H., Ohdo,S. Chronic treatment with prednisolone represses the circadian oscillation of clock gene expression in mouse peripheral tissues. MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY 2006; 20(-3-):573-583. >>> Prednisolone; Saline; DMSO; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, ICR, 5 wk old); 5% DMSO.

P7874 Naert,G., Ixart,G., Tapia-Arancibia,L., Givalois,L. Continuous i.c.v. infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor modifies hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms in adult male rats. Neuroscience 2006; 139(-2-):779-789. >>> Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or no treatment; comparison of acute icv injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 782); peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 375g.); mp + tubing primed overnight in 37 celsius saline; telemetric transmitter IP.

P7867 Malin,D.H., Lake,J.R., Smith,T.D., Khambati,H.N., Meyers-Paal,R.L., Montellano,A.L., Jennings,R.E., Erwin,D.S., Presley,S.E., Perales,B.A. Bupropion attenuates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):494-503. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; bupropion HCL; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute SC injection vs. mp; pumps replaced after 7 days; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 389-468g.).

P7865 Rizk,P., Salazar,J., Raisman-Vozari,R., Marien,M., Ruberg,M., Colpaert,F., Debeir,T. The alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist dexefaroxan enhances hippocampal Neurogenesis by increasing the survival and differentiation of new granule cells. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31(-6-):1146-1157. >>> Dexefaroxan; Water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 20, 21, 28, 70 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by monitoring inhibition of hypothermia; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; long-term study; pumps replaced every 28 days; neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-300g.); alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist.

P7822 Callebert,J., Esteve,J.M., Herve,P., Peoc'h,K., Tournois,C., Drouet,L., Launay,J.M., Maroteaux,L. Evidence for a control of plasma serotonin levels by 5-hydroxytryptamine2B receptors in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006; 317(-2-):724-731. >>> Dexfenfluramine; RS-127445; Mice; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; cardiovascular; animal info (129PAS wt or 5-HT2B-R(-/-), 6wk old, 20-25g, male, female).

P7816 Givalois,L., Naert,G., Tapia-Arancibia,L., Arancibia,S. Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the regulation of hypothalamic somatostatin in vivo. Journal of Endocrinology 2006; 188(-3-):425-433. >>> Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, recomb. human; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or no treatment; comparison of icv injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 260-280g.); mp primed overnight in 37 celsius saline.

P7797 Zhuang,Z.Y., Wen,Y.R., Zhang,D.R., Borsello,T., Bonny,C., Strichartz,G.R., Decosterd,I., Ji,R.R. A peptide c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor blocks mechanical allodynia after spinal nerve ligation: Respective roles of JNK activation in primary sensory neurons and spinal astrocytes for neuropathic pain development and maintenance. Journal of Neuroscience 2006; 26(-13-):3551-3560. >>> Peptide, D-JNK inhibitor 1; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); CSF/CNS (dorsal root ganglion); Rat; 2 weeks; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or control peptide; comparison of IT injections vs. mp; enzyme inhibitor (c-Jun-N-terminal kinase); peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 220-260g., spinal nerve ligation); mp primed 3hrs in saline.

P7795 Peleg-Raibstein,D., Sydekum,E., Russig,H., Feldon,J. Withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration abolishes latent inhibition but leaves prepulse inhibition intact. Psychopharmacology 2006; 185(-2-):226-239. >>> Amphetamine; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or saline; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of escalating SC dose injections vs. mp; dependence; post op. care (PVP-iodine); animal info (male, wistar, 300-350 g).

P7790 Visser,S.A.G., Saellstroem,B., Forsberg,T., Peletier,L.A., Gabrielsson,J. Modeling drug- and system-related changes in body temperature: Application to clomethiazole-induced hypothermia, long-lasting tolerance development, and circadian rhythm in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006; 317(-1-):209-219. >>> Clomethiazole edisilate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001D; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 301g.).

P7755 Aghi,M., Cohen,K.S., Klein,R.J., Scadden,D.T., Chioccra,E.A. Tumor stromal-derived factor-1 recruits vascular progenitors to mitotic neovasculature, where microenvironment influences their differentiated phenotypes. Cancer Research 2006; 66(-18-):9054-9064. >>> AMD 3100; SC; Mice; mice (transgenic); 2002; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ PBS; comparison of short-term IV injections vs. mp; cancer (astrocytoma, glioma); animal info (C57BL/6, WT); SDF-1R CXCR4 antagonist.

P7744 Simon,F.R., Iwahashi,M., Hu,L.J., Qadri,I., Arias,I.M., Ortiz,D., Dahl,R., Sutherland,E. Hormonal regulation of hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Abcc2) primarily involves the pattern of growth hormone secretion. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2006; 290(-4-):G595-G608. >>> Growth hormone; Sodium phosphate buffer; NaN2; glycerol; SC; Rat; mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received sham surgery; replacement therapy (hypophysectomy); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (adult, Sprague-Dawley, male, female, 170-225g.).

P7671 Campbell,J.S., Riehle,K.J., Brooling,J.T., Bauer,R.L., Mitchell,C., Fausto,N. Proinflammatory cytokine production in. liver regeneration is Myd88-dependent, but independent of Cd14, Tlr2, and Tlr4. Journal of Immunology 2006; 176(-4-):2522-2528. >>> Uridine, bromodeoxy-; SC; Mice; 1003D; 48 hours; Comparison of IP injection vs. mp; animal info (C57BL/6, KO, heterozygous, male, 11 wk old); labeling of hepatocytes.

P7547 Ghashghaei,H.T., Weber,J., Pevny,L., Schwab,R., Schwab,M.H., Lloyd,K.C.K., Eisenstat,D.D., Lai,C., Anton,E.S. The role of neuregulin-ErbB4 interactions on the proliferation and organization of cells in the subventricular zone. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2006; 103(-6-):1930-1935. >>> Neuregulin 1, GST-; Neuregulin 2, GST-; GST; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1003D; 1007D; 7 days; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ GST; comparison of ICV injections vs. mp; animal info (8 wk old, CD-1ErbB4).

P7539 Jarukamjorn,K., Sakuma,T., Jaruchotikamol,A., Ishino,Y., Oguro,M., Nemoto,N. Modified expression of cytochrome P450 mRNAs by growth hormone in mouse liver. Toxicology 2006; 219(-1-3-):97-105. >>> Growth hormone, recomb. human; Saline, normal; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (C57BL/6, male and female, 8 wk old); "Continuous GH administration allowed the GH level to be maintained relatively stably in the circulation compared with pulsatile GH administration". (p. 104).

P7523 Ubuka,T., Ukena,K., Sharp,P.J., Bentley,G.E., Tsutsui,K. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone inhibits gonadal development and maintenance by decreasing gonadotropin synthesis and release in male quail. Endocrinology 2006; 147(-3-):1187-1194. >>> Gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone; Saline; IP; Bird (quail); 2002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 1); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (male, 3 month old).

P7520 Mugnaini,M., Garzotti,M., Sartori,I., Pilla,M., Repeto,P., Heidbreder,C.A., Tessari,M. Selective down-regulation of 125IY0-alpha-conotoxin MII binding in rat mesostriatal dopamine pathway following continuous infusion of nicotine. Neuroscience 2006; 137(-2-):565-572. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of acute SC injection vs. mp; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar 250-300 g).

P7468 Kim,J.H., Bronson,C.L., Hayton,W.L., Radmacher,M.D., Roopenian,D.C., Robinson,J.M., Anderson,C.L. Albumin turnover: FcRn-mediated recycling saves as much albumin from degradation as the liver produces. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2006; 290(-2-):G352-G360. >>> Leucine, 3H-; SC; Mice; 1002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ agent and were WT mice; functionality of mp verified by residual volume and steady state plasma concentrations of labeled proteins; comparison of IV bolus injections vs. mp; half-life (p. G353)<15 minutes; immunology; animal info (C57BL/6J, FcRn a-chain, knockout, male 28 g); mp primed 4 hours in 37C isotonic saline.

R0236 Sadikot,R.T., Blackwell,T.S. Bioluminescence imaging. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005; 2(-6-):537-540. >>> Endotoxin, LPS; IP; Mice; 2001D; 24 hours; Comparison of IP injections vs. mp; ALZET see pg. 538; BLI (bioluminescence).

P8287 Manabe,T., Okino,H., Maeyama,R., Mizumoto,K., Tanaka,M., Matsuda,T. New infusion device for trans-tissue, sustained local delivery of anticancer agent to surgically resected tissue: Potential use for suppression of local recurrence of pancreatic cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS 2005; 73B(-1-):203-207. >>> Gemcitabine; SC; Mice (nude); 1007D; 7 days; Tissue perfusion (intratumoral); comparison of IP injections; cancer (pancreatic); animal info (five week old); pump used as part of a novel infusion device; pictures of device p. 205; PE tubing used to connect pump to perfusion device; continuous infusion resulted in macroscopically undetectable tumors after day 6.

P8191 Kramer,B.W., Jobe,A.H. The clever fetus: Responding to inflammation to minimize lung injury. Biology of the Neonate 2005; 88(-3-):202-207. >>> Endotoxin, LPS; Intra-amniotic; Sheep (pregnant); 28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of intra-amniotic injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 204) 35 hours in amniotic fluid; teratology; animal info (gestational day 80-108, female).

P8094 Duszczyk,M., Gadamski,R., Ziembowicz,A., Danysz,W., Lazarewicz,J.W. NMDA receptor antagonism does not inhibit induction of ischemic tolerance in gerbil brain in vivo. NEUROTOXICITY RESEARCH 2005; 7(-4-):283-292. >>> Memantine; SC; Gerbil; 1003D; 3 days; Comparison of acute IP injection vs. mp; tolerance; ischemia (cerebral); animal info (male, Mongolian, 12-13 wks old, 70g, carotid artery occlusion); mp primed 4 h. in 37 celsius saline; "steady state plasma levels at therapeutic range relevant to humans, were mimicked by using infusion pumps." (291).

P7769 Hinkle,R.T., Dolan,E., Cody,D.B., Bauer,M.B., Isfort,R.J. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition reduces skeletal muscle atrophy. Muscle&Nerve 2005; 32(-6-):775-781. >>> Pentoxifylline; clenbuterol; ariflo; rolipram; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; enzyme inhibitor (cAMP phosphodiesterases); animal info (male, C57B16, 20-30g.); ariflo also known as cilomilast or SB-207499.

P7712 Iida-Klein,A., Lu,S.S., Kapadia,R., Burkhart,M., Moreno,A., Dempster,D.W., Lindsay,R. Short-term continuous infusion of human parathyroid hormone 1-34 fragment is catabolic with decreased trabecular connectivity density accompanied by hypercalcemia in C57BL/J6 mice. Journal of Endocrinology 2005; 186(-3-):549-557. >>> Parathyroid hormone, human 1-34; PBS; acetic acid; SC; Mice; 1002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by hPTH 1-34 serum levels; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 553, 556); peptides; animal info (female, C57BL/J6, 10 wk. old, 18 g); "No animals showed abnormal movements or signs of stress or discomfort at any point in any experiment." (p. 553).

P7664 Guiard,B.P., Froger,N., Hamon,M., Gardier,A.M., Lanfumey,L. Sustained pharmacological blockade of NK1 substance P receptors causes functional desensitization of dorsal raphe 5-HT1A autoreceptors in mice. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005; 95(-6-):1713-1723. >>> GR 205171; Saline; DMSO; SC; Mice; 1007D; 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute SC injections vs. mp; pumps replaced every 7 days; animal info (C57BL/6J, male, 20-25 g, 8-10 wk old); NK1 receptor antagonist; 20% DMSO.

P7662 Li,L., Rema,V., Ebner,F.F. Chronic suppression of activity in barrel field cortex downregulates sensory responses in contralateral barrel field cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 2005; 94(-5-):3342-3356. >>> Muscimol; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS (barrel field cortex); CSF/CNS (visual cortex); Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or agent delivered to visual cortex; comparison of acute ICV injection vs. mp; brain tissue distribution; cyanoacrylate adhesive; post op. care (neuropracin); animal info (male, Long-Evans 250-350 g, 2-3 mo old).

P7655 Ito,M., Liu,Y.P., Yang,Z.X., Nguyen,J., Liang,F., Morris,R.J., Cotsarelis,G. Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge contribute to wound repair but not to homeostasis of the epidermis. Nature Medicine 2005; 11(-12-):1351-1354. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice (SCID); 2002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (Krt 1-15-HSV-TK transgenic skin grafted onto CB17I cr-scid/scid).

P7645 Zhai,P.Y., Yamamoto,M., Galeotti,J., Liu,J., Masurekar,M., Thaisz,J., Irie,K., Holle,E., Yu,X.Z., Kupershmidt,S., Roden,D.M., Wagner,T., Yatani,A., Vatner,D.E., Vatner,S.F., Sadoshima,J. Cardiac-specific overexpression of AT1 receptor mutant lacking Galphaq/Galphai coupling causes hypertrophy and bradycardia in transgenic mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005; 115(-11-):3045-3056. >>> Angiotensin II; Saline; Mice; mice (transgenic); 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute IV injection vs. mp; peptides.

P7619 Moore,H.P.H., Silver,R.B., Mottillo,E.P., Bernlohr,D.A., Granneman,J.G. Perilipin targets a novel pool of lipid droplets for lipolytic attack by hormone-sensitive lipase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005; 280(-52-):43109-43120. >>> CL-316,243; SC; Mice; 3 days; Controls received no treatment; comparison of SC injection vs. mp; animal info (male, 129/S1 SvImJ, 3 month old, adiporation); B3- adrenergic receptor agonist.

P7611 Huang,G.J., Herbert,J. The role of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the proliferation and survival of progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus and their regulation by corticoids. Neuroscience 2005; 135(-3-):803-813. >>> DPAT, 8-OH-; WAY-100,635; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (pg. 810); animal info (male, Lister hooded, 250-300 g); 5-HT 1A agonist; 5-HT 1A antagonist; "The use of osmotic pumps may be more effective than daily injection because of the short half-life of 8-OH-DPAT." (p. 810).

P7607 Fernandez,A.M., Carro,E.M., Lopez-Lopez,C., Torres-Aleman,I. Insulin-like growth factor I treatment for cerebellar ataxia: Addressing a common pathway in the pathological cascade?. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2005; 50(-1-):134-141. >>> Insulin-like growth factor I; SC; CSF/CNS; Rat; mice; 1 month; 2 weeks; Peptides; neurodegenerative (cerebellar ataxia); Review, pg. 138, ref #21; "This long-term delivery system increases therapeutically available IGF-1 at least 30-fold as compared to single subcutaneous injections" (p. 138).

P7595 Danzi,S., Dubon,P., Klein,I. Effect of serum triiodothyronine on regulation of cardiac gene expression: role of histone acetylation. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005; 289(-4-):H1506-H1511. >>> Triiodothyronine; NaOH; saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 3, 12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or euthyroid; functionality of mp verified by serum T3 levels; replacement therapy (thyroidectomy); dose-response (fig. 1); comparison of IM injections vs. mp; half-life (pg. H1506, H1508) 7 hours in vivo in rat; cardiovascular; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley 200 g); mp primed 24 hrs in 37 C saline; "constant infusions leads to stable serum levels by 72 h." (p. H1508; "Bolus injection was not sufficient to normalize serum T3" (p. H1510).

P7587 Hervas-Aguilar,A., Puebla-Jimenez,L., Burgos-Ramos,E., guado-Llera,D., rilla-Ferreiro,E. Effects of single and continuous administration of amyloid beta-peptide (25-35) on adenylyl cyclase activity and the somatostatinergic system in the rat frontal and parietal cortex. Neuroscience 2005; 135(-1-):181-190. >>> Amyloid protein, beta (25-35); amyloid protein, beta scrambled (35-25); Water, distilled; CSF/CNS; Rat; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or scrambled AB; comparison of ICV injections vs. mp; peptides; neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease) animal info (male, Wistar 200-250 g).

P7577 Zizzari,P., Halem,H., Taylor,J., Dong,J.Z., Datta,R., Culler,M.D., Epelbaum,J., Bluet-Pajot,M.T. Endogenous ghrelin regulates episodic growth hormone (GH) secretion by amplifying GH pulse amplitude: Evidence from antagonism of the GH secretagogue-R1a receptor. Endocrinology 2005; 146(-9-):3836-3842. >>> BIM-28163; Saline; SC; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 7, 8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute IV injection vs. mp; Alzet brain infusion kit 2 used; animal info (male Sprague-Dawley, 250 g); mp connected to catheter with saline to delay agent delivery start by 6 days, air bubble used to seperate agent from saline; GHS-R1a receptor antagonist; ghrelin analog.

P7572 Saghir,S.A., Lebofsky,M., Pinson,D.M., Rozman,K.K. Validation of Haber's Rule (dose x time = constant) in rats and mice for monochloroacetic acid and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin under conditions of kinetic steady state. Toxicology 2005; 215(-1-2-):48-56. >>> Monochloroacetic acid; monochloroacetic acid; Saline, physiological; radio-isotopes; 14C tracer; SC; Rat; 2001D; 2-10 hours; Functionality of mp verified by radioactivity in plasma; dose-response (table 2); comparison of IV injections vs. mp; half-life (pg. 49) 2-3 hours; toxicology; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 171 g); PE-60 tubing filled with saline attached to mp to.

P7567 Popova,E., Bader,M., Krivokharchenko,A. Strain differences in superovulatory response, embryo development and efficiency of transgenic rat production. TRANSGENIC RESEARCH 2005; 14(-5-):729-738. >>> Follicle stimulating hormone; SC; Rat; 2001; ; Comparison of PMSG by IP injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (female Lewis, Wistar-Kyoto, SHRSP, Sprague-Dawley, 28-35 days old).

P7537 Morishima,Y., Ishii,Y., Kimura,T., Shibuya,A., Shibuya,K., Hegab,A.E., Iizuka,T., Kiwamoto,T., Matsuno,Y., Sakamoto,T., Nomura,A., Taniguchi,M., Sekizawa,K. Suppression of eosinophilic airway inflammation by treatment with alpha-galactosylceramide. European Journal of Immunology 2005; 35(-10-):2803-2814. >>> Galactosylceramide, a-; Saline; SC; Mice; 29 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injection vs. mp; immunology; animal info (BALB/c, 7-12 wk. old).

P7531 Schweda,F., Segerer,F., Castrop,H., Schnermann,J., Kurtz,A. Blood pressure-dependent inhibition of renin secretion requires A1 adenosine receptors. Hypertension 2005; 46(-4-):780-786. >>> Phenylephrine; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by blood pressure response; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (female and male, 25-30 g, A1AR -1- or wt).

P7525 Trevaskis,J.L., Butler,A.A. Double leptin and melanocortin-4 receptor gene mutations have an additive effect on fat mass and are associated with reduced effects of leptin on weight loss and food intake. Endocrinology 2005; 146(-10-):4257-4265. >>> Leptin; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Comparison of IP&SC injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (6 month old, female, WT C57BL/6J); mp primed 4 hours in PBS.

P7502 Senn,C., Hangartner,C., Moes,S., Guerini,D., Hofbauer,K.G. Central administration of small interfering RNAs in rats: A comparison with antisense oligonucleotides. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005; 522(-1-3-):30-37. >>> Oligonucleotide, phosphothioate antisense; oligonucleotide, mismatch; PBS; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or mismatch oligo; comparison of icv injections vs. mp; antisense (melanocortin MC4 receptor); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200 g).

P7495 Burchardt,M., Burchardt,T., Anastasiadis,A.G., Buttyan,R., de la Taille,A., Shabsigh,A., Frank,J., Shabsigh,R. Application of angiogenic factors for therapy of erectile dysfunction: protein and DNA transfer of VEGF 165 into the rat penis. UROLOGY 2005; 66(-3-):665-670. >>> Vascular endothelial growth factor, human 165; Saline, sterile; heparin; IA (renal); Rat; 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by VEGF serum immunoassay; comparison of CDNA plasmid micro-injections vs. mp; gene therapy; peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley); urology; 2000 Units of heparin used.

P7477 Bellido,T., Ali,A.A., Gubrij,I., Plotkin,L.I., Fu,Q., O'Brien,C.A., Manolagas,S.C., Jilka,R.L. Chronic elevation of parathyroid hormone in mice reduces expression of sclerostin by osteocytes: A novel mechanism for hormonal control of osteoblastogenesis. Endocrinology 2005; 146(-11-):4577-4583. >>> Parathyroid hormone, human 1-84; Saline; acetic acid; mercaptoethanol, B-; Mice; 4 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by hpTH and mPTH ELISA; comparison of daily injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (female, Swiss Webster).

P7471 Monti,B., Berteotti,C., Contestabile,A. Subchronic Rolipram delivery activates hippocampal CREB and arc, enhances retention and slows down extinction of conditioned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 31(-2-):1-9. >>> Rolipram; DMSO; saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 5, 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or sham operation; comparison of IP injection vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 4); enzyme inhibitor (phosphodiesterase); animal info (male, Wistar, 10 wk old); 50% DMSO; "effects were only observed in rats treated subchronically through osmotic minipumps, indicating that attainment of an increased steady level of expression and activity was essential in the enhancement of the behavioral response.".

P7448 Li,M., Budin,R., Fleming,A.S., Kapur,S. Effects of chronic typical and atypical antipsychotic drug treatment on maternal behavior in rats. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH 2005; 75(-2-3-):325-336. >>> Haloperidol; olanzapine; Water, double distilled; acetic acid, glacial; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 3 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma drug levels; comparison of daily SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 60-100 day old, postpartum, 250-380 g).

P7439 Jorgensen,N.R., Teilmann,S.C., Henriksen,Z., Meier,E., Hansen,S.S., Jensen,J.E.B., Sorensen,O.H., Petersen,J.S. The antiarrhythmic peptide analog rotigaptide (ZP123) stimulates gap junction intercellular communication in human osteoblasts and prevents decrease in femoral trabecular bone strength in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 2005; 146(-11-):4745-4754. >>> Rotigaptide; IP; Rat; 2ML4; 30 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma agent levels; replacement therapy (ovariectomy); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 4746) 14 days in human plasma; peptides; post op. care (temgesic, metacam); animal info (female, Wistar, 8 months old, 264 g); agent also known as ZP123.

P7373 Hesketh,S., Jessop,D.S., Hogg,S., Harbuz,M.S. Differential actions of acute and chronic citalopram on the rodent hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to acute restraint stress. Journal of Endocrinology 2005; 185(-3-):373-382. >>> Citalopram; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; mp stored in sterile saline for 12 hours prior to implantation; "Chronic citalopram infusion unlike acute citalopram treatment did not alter baseline hormone levels when given by minipump." (p. 378).

P7359 Ciani,E., Severi,S., Bartesaghi,R., Contestabile,A. Neurochemical correlates of nicotine neurotoxicity on rat habenulo-interpeduncular cholinergic neurons. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26(-3-):467-474. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 4, 7 days; Comparison of IP injections vs. sc mp.

P7334 Turrone,P., Remington,G., Kapur,S., Nobrega,J.N. Continuous but not intermittent olanzapine infusion induces vacuous chewing movements in rats. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57(-4-):406-411. >>> Haloperidol; olanzapine; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of injections vs. mp; long-term study; pumps replaced every four weeks in a new incision; post op. care (placed in heated plexiglass cage); wound clips and vetbond were used to close incision.

P7328 Kharitonenkov,A., Shiyanova,T.L., Koester,A., Ford,A.M., Micanovic,R., Galbreath,E.J., Sandusky,G.E., Hammond,L.J., Moyers,J.S., Owens,R.A., Gromada,J., Brozinick,J.T., Hawkins,E.D., Wroblewski,V.J., Li,D.S., Mehrbod,F., Jaskunas,S.R., Shanafelt,A.B. FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005; 115(-6-):1627-1635. >>> Fibroblast growth Factor-21; Saline; SC; Mice; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; replacement therapy (diabetic, db/db); comparison of SC injections vs. mp (minipump used to study mitogenicity during longer exposure); long-term study.

P7322 Dings,R.P.M., Williams,B.W., Song,C.W., Griffioen,A.W., Mayo,K.H., Griffin,R.J. Anginex synergizes with radiation therapy to inhibit tumor growth by radiosensitizing endothelial cells. International Journal of Cancer 2005; 115(-2-):312-319. >>> Anginex; PBS; SC; Mice (nude); 2002; 2004; 2, 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 315); half-life (p. 318) 50-90 min. in mice; cancer (ovarian, mammary carcinoma); toxicology; peptides; irradiation 5 Gy once per week or 25 Gy one time tumo-bearing legs; angiogenesis inhibitor; "continuous infusion of anginex in combination with weekly irradiation resulted in tumor regression and impalpable tumors by the end of treatment." P317.

P7304 Ulyanova,T., Scott,L.M., Priestley,G.V., Jiang,Y., Nakamoto,B., Koni,P.A., Papayannopoulou,T. VCAM-1 expression in adult hematopoietic and nonhernatopoietic cells is controlled by tissue-inductive signals and reflects their developmental origin. Blood 2005; 106(-1-):86-94. >>> Colony-stimulating Factor, G; Flt-3 ligand; Mice (transgenic); mice; 2001; 5, 7 days; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; VCAM-1 ablated mice.

P7301 Perez,C.A., Concha,A., Hernandez,M.E., Manzo,J. Influence of the paraventricular nucleus and oxytocin on the retrograde stain of pubococcygeus muscle motoneurons in male rats. Brain Research 2005; 1041(-1-):11-18. >>> Oxytocin; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of intrathecal injections vs. mp.

P7288 Scholz,J., Broom,D.C., Youn,D.H., Mills,C.D., Kohno,T., Suter,M.R., Moore,K.A., Decosterd,I., Coggeshall,R.E., Woolf,C.J. Blocking caspase activity prevents transsynaptic neuronal apoptosis and the loss of inhibition in lamina II of the dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-32-):7317-7323. >>> zVAD; dizocilpine; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 4 weeks; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of intrathecal injections vs. mp; enzyme inhibitor (caspase); peptides; MK-801; catheter tip location confirmed at end of infusion.

P7287 Guba,M., Koehl,G.E., Neppl,E., Doenecke,A., Steinbauer,M., Schlitt,H.J., Jauch,K.W., Geissler,E.K. Dosing of rapamycin is critical to achieve an optimal antiangiogenic effect against cancer. TRANSPLANT INTERNATIONAL 2005; 18(-1-):89-94. >>> Rapamycin; DMSO; IP; Mice; 2002; 7-35 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; cancer (colon adenocarcinoma); "The most effective inhibition of tumor growth occurred in rapamycin-treated mice on the continuous pumping system.;" "Survival data also show the most positive effect with continuous drug delivery." P. 91.

P7283 Ozawa,T., Afzal,J., Lamborn,K.R., Bollen,A.W., Bauer,W.F., Koo,M.S., Kahl,S.B., Deen,D.F. Toxicity, biodistribution, and convection-enhanced delivery of the boronated porphyrin BOPP in the 9L intracerebral rat glioma model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS 2005; 63(-1-):247-252. >>> Porphyrin, boronated; PBS; CSF/CNS (intratumoral); Rat; 2001D; 24 hours; Controls received no treatment; dose-response; comparison of IV injections vs. mp; cancer (brain glioma); toxicology.

P7280 Lodge,D.J., Grace,A.A. Acute and chronic corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor blockade inhibits cocaine-induced dopamine release: Correlation with dopamine neuron activity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 314(-1-):201-206. >>> CRA-0450; Water, deionized; Tween 80; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute icv injections vs. mp; ALZET brain infusion kit 1 used; tolerance; post op. care (pramoxine HcL/Neomycin, Tylenol); CRF1 receptor antagonist.

P7254 Kippin,T.E., Kapur,S., van der Kooy,D. Dopamine specifically inhibits forebrain neural stem cell proliferation, suggesting a novel effect of antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-24-):5815-5823. >>> Haloperidol; domperidone; water, distilled; saline; SC; Rat; mice; 1002; 2ML2; 2ML4; 14, 30 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma drug levels; dose-response (fig. 1); comparison of ip injections vs. mp; dopamine D2 receptor antagonist.

P7232 Karam,S.M., John,R., Alpers,D.H., Ponery,A.S. Retinoic acid stimulates the dynamics of mouse gastric epithelial progenitors. Stem Cells 2005; 23(-3-):433-441. >>> Retinoic acid; uridine, bromodeoxy-; SC; Mice; 1, 3, 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; cancer (gastric); multiple pumps per animal (2).

P7216 Diel,P., Laudenbach-Leschowsky,U., Friedel,A., Voss,A., Roussel,J. Pulsed estradiol exposure has a limited ability to induce uterine proliferation in ovariectomised female Wistar rats. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY 2005; 230(-1-2-):7-15. >>> Estradiol, 17B-; Saline; ethanol; SC; Rat; 10, 20 days; Replacement therapy (ovariectomy); dose-response (fig. 2); comparison of pellets vs. sc injections vs. IV injections vs. mp; "SC administration of E2 by micropump was chosen... as it provided the most constant E2 serum levels" (p. 11); animal info (F, Wistar, 130 g, OVX).

P7205 Lucas,G., Compan,V., Charnay,Y., Neve,R.L., Nestler,E.J., Bockaert,J., Barrot,M., Debonnel,G. Frontocortical 5-HT4 receptors exert positive feedback on serotonergic activity: Viral transfections, subacute and chronic treatments with 5-HT4 agonists. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57(-8-):918-925. >>> Prucalopride monohydrochloride; RS 67333 hydrochloride; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 3, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; 5-HT4 receptor agonists; comparison of IP injections vs. mp.

P7197 MacKay,J.A., Deen,D.F., Szoka,FC Jr  Brain Research 2005; 1035(-2-):139-153. >>> Liposomes; FITC-dextran-lysine; Saline; tris buffer; CSF/CNS (caudate putamen); CSF/CNS (intratumoral); Rat; 2001D; 24 hours; Tissue perfusion (intratumoral); comparison of acute CSF/CNS injection vs. mp; half-life (p. 151) 9.9 hours; cancer (glioblastoma); ALZET brian infusion kit 2 used; brain tissue distribution; post op. care (buprenophine).

P7195 Debrah,D.O., Conrad,K.P., Danielson,L.A., Shroff,S.G. Effects of relaxin on systemic arterial hemodynamics and mechanical properties in conscious rats: sex dependency and dose response. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005; 98(-3-):1013-1020. >>> Relaxin, recomb.human; Sodium acetate buffer; SC; Rat; 2002; 2ML2; 6, 10 days; Functionality of mp verified by serum rhRLX levels; dose-response (fig.3); comparison of IV injections vs. mp; peptides; multiple pumps per animal (2); "Circulating relaxin levels are relatively stable and constant over time." (p. 1018).

P7193 Kallapur,S.G., Nitsos,I., Moss,T.J.M., Kramer,B.W., Newnham,J.P., Ikegami,M., Jobe,A.H. Chronic endotoxin exposure does not cause sustained structural abnormalities in the fetal sheep lungs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 288(-5-):L966-L974. >>> Endotoxin; Saline; Intra-amniotic; Sheep (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by amniotic fluid endotoxin levels; comparison of intra-amniotic injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. L969); teratology.

P7186 Newman,R., Cuan,N., Hampartzoumian,T., Connor,S.J., Lloyd,A.R., Grimm,M.C. Vasoactive intestinal peptide impairs leucocyte migration but fails to modify experimental murine colitis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2005; 139(-3-):411-420. >>> Vasoactive intestinal peptide; SC; Mice; 3, 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by VIP plasma levels; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; immunology; peptides; TNBS-induced colitis.

P7181 Hewitt,S.C., Collins,J., Grissom,S., Deroo,B., Korach,K.S. Global uterine Genomics in vivo: Microarray evaluation of the estrogen receptor alpha-growth factor cross-talk mechanism. MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY 2005; 19(-3-):657-668. >>> Epidemal growth factor; insulin-like growth factor I, LR3-; Acetic acid; IP; Mice; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp.

P7173 Davidson,C., Lee,T.H., Ellinwood,E.H. Acute and chronic continuous methamphetamine have different long-term behavioral and neurochemical consequences. NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2005; 46(-3-):189-203. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 189) 15-70 minutes in rodents; dependence; "MP treatment provides a better pharmakodynamic model for the human methamphetamine binger and may also better approximate the neuropathological outcome known in humans." (p. 200).

P7168 Kobayashi,Y., Kim,K.J., Itoh,T. Gene expression of bone-resorbing cytokines in rat osteolysis model. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SCIENCE 2005; 10(-1-):62-69. >>> Polyethylene; Serum, rat; Knee (articular cavity); Rat; 2002; 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, comparison of single injection vs. mp, long-term study; pumps replaced every 2 weeks, "Continuous infusion induced more active fibrous tissue formation with osteoclastic bone resorption than did the single injection... even though the dose of PE particles we used for continuous infusion was one order of magnitude lower." (p. 68).

P7141 Rassoulpour,A., Wu,H.Q., Albuquerque,E.X., Schwarcz,R. Prolonged nicotine administration results in biphasic, brain-specific changes in kynurenate levels in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-4-):697-704. >>> Nicotine bitartrate salt; PBS; SC; Rat; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp.

P7137 Baker,S.A., Baker,K.A., Hagg,T. D3 dopamine receptors do not regulate neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of adult mice. NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE 2005; 18(-3-):523-527. >>> DPAT, 7-hydroxy-U-99194A maleate; Saline; CSF/CNS; CSF/CNS (neostriatum); Rat; mice; 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; stability verified by BrdU labeling; cyanoacrylate adhesive used.

P7136 Bandyopadhyay,A., Wang,L., Loepz-Casillas,F., Mendoza,V., Yeh,I.T., Sun,L.Z. Systemic administration of a soluble betaglycan suppresses tumor growth, angiogenesis, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in a human xenograft model of prostate cancer. PROSTATE 2005; 63(-1-):81-90. >>> Transforming growth factor-B3 receptor, recomb. soluble; PBS; SC; Mice (nude); 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 84,88); cancer (prostate); multiple pumps per animal (2).

P7133 Brooks,P.L., Vella,E.T., Wynne-Edwards,K.E. Dopamine agonist treatment before and after the birth reduces prolactin concentration but does not impair paternal responsiveness in Djungarian hamsters Phodopus campbelli. Hormones and Behavior 2005; 47(-3-):358-366. >>> Bromocriptine; Saline, isotonic; ethanol; tartaric acid; SC; Hamster; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; 10% ethanol; mp primed in 37 degrees celsius saline for >4 hours.

P7123 Kimura,Y., Hirooka,Y., Sagara,Y., Ito,K., Kishi,T., Shimokawa,H., Takeshita,A., Sunagawa,K. Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rostral ventrolateral medulla causes hypertension and sympathoexcitation via an increase in oxidative stress. Circulation Research 2005; 96(-2-):252-260. >>> Tempol; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (cisterna); Rat; 1002; 1 week; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of CSF/CNS microinjections vs. mp; cardiovascular.

P7120 Khan,A., Jallo,G.I, Liu,Y.J, Carson,B.S., Guarnieri,M. Infusion rates and drug distribution in brain tumor models in rats. Journal of Neurosurgery (Pediatrics 1) 2005; 102(--):53-58. >>> Carboplatin; doxorubicin; transferrin-doxorubicin; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2ML1; 2001; 7 days; Cancer (glioma, gliosarcoma); brain tissue distribution; CNS infusion rate study; "...the use of intratumoral infusions significantly increase survival in comparison with bolus injections and conventional systemic treatments." P. 53; flexible tipped cannula components were from Plastics One; in some cases the tubing/cannula were left empty after implantation to allow the tissue to seal before fluid flow.

P6959 Hohimer,A.R., Davis,L.E., Hatton,D.C. Repeated daily injections and osmotic pump infusion of isoproterenol cause similar increases in cardiac mass but have different effects on blood pressure. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2005; 83(-2-):191-197. >>> Isoproterenol; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 193,4); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; cardiovascular; telemetry used.

P6950 Chen,W.H., Langer,R.M., Janczewska,S., Furian,L., Geary,R., Qu,X.M., Wang,M., Verani,R., Condon,T., Stecker,K., Bennett,C.F., Stepkowski,S.M. Methoxyethyl-modified intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antisense phosphorothiateoligonucleotides inhibit allograft rejection, ischemic-reperfusion injury, and cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Transplantation 2005; 79(-4-):401-408. >>> Oligonucleotide, antisense; Saline; IV; Rat; 7 days; Comparison of gavage and IV injections vs. mp; antisense (phosphorothioate/phosphodiester); transplantation; 14 d pump used; immunology.

P6928 El-Salhy,M. Effects of triple therapy with octreotide, galanin and serotonin on a human colon cancer cell line implanted in mice: comparison between different routes of administration. Histology and Histopathology 2005; 20(-1-):19-25. >>> Octreotide; galanin; serotonin; Saline; SC; IP; Mice (nude); 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. IP mp; cancer (colon); "continuous i.p infusion appears, however to be the most effective route of administration." (p. 19,25).

P6902 Fouad,K., Schnell,L., Bunge,M.B., Schwab,M.E., Liebscher,T., Pearse,D.D. Combining Schwann cell bridges and olfactory-ensheathing glia grafts with chondroitinase promotes locomotor recovery after complete transection of the spinal cord. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-5-):1169-1178. >>> Chondroitinase ABC; antibody, immunoglobulin G, recomb. mouse; galactosidase; Saline; PBS; CSF/CNS (intrathecal, lumbar); Rat; 2002; 4 weeks; Comparison of IT injections vs. mp; pumps replaced at two weeks; post op. care (antibiotic); spinal cord injury; Recathco catheter used; behavioral study.

P6901 Bonanno,G., Giambelli,R., Raiteri,L., Tiraboschi,E., Zappettini,S., Musazzi,L., Raiteri,M., Racagni,G., Popoli,M. Chronic antidepressants reduce depolarization-evoked glutamate release and protein interactions favoring formation of SNARE complex in hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-13-):3270-3279. >>> Fluoxetine; reboxetine; desipramine; Ethanol; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Comparison of IP injections vs. SC mp; 5% ethanol used.

P6896 Fornai,F., Schlueter,O.M., Lenzi,P., Gesi,M., Ruffoli,R., Ferrucci,M., Lazzeri,G., Busceti,C.L., Pontarelli,F., Battaglia,G., Pellegrini,A., Nicoletti,F., Ruggieri,S., Paparelli,A., Suedhof,T.C. Parkinson-like syndrome induced by continuous MPTP infusion: Convergent roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and alpha-synuclein. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2005; 102(-9-):3413-3418. >>> MPTP; L-dopa; apomorphine; IP; SC; Mice; 2004; 1-28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease); L-dopa and apomorphine group had SC implanted pumps; route is unclear for the MPTP group; "Continuous MPTP infusions thus recreate a disease state that mimics human PD better than acute MPTP bolus injections." (p. 3417); MPTP group received IP pumps (2004 model), verified by e-mailing author.

P6895 Poonawala,T., Levay-Young,B.K., Hebbel,R.P., Gupta,K. Opioids heal ischemic wounds in the rat. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2005; 13(-2-):165-174. >>> Morphine; PBS; SC; Rat; 8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of topical opioids and injections vs. mp; wound healing.

P6894 Tejeda,M, Gaal,D., Csuka,O., Keri,G.Y. Growth Inhibitory Effect of the Somatostatin Structural Derivative (TT-232) on Leukemia Models. Anticancer Research 2005; 25(--):325-330. >>> TT-232; Acetic acid; sodium acetate; water; mannitol; IV; SC; Mice; 2002; 14, 28 days; Dose-response (p. 328, fig 1); comparison of IP/SC injections vs. SC/IV mp; pumps replaced at day 14 for 28 day group; stability verified, 37 degrees Celsius for over 3 weeks; cancer (leukemia); TT-232 is a novel somatostatin analog; "The IV infusion for 28 days resulted in 82% growth inhibition." (p. 328); "The infusion of TT-232 by ALZET osmotic minipump resulted in 70-80% tumor growth inhibition and 20% tumor free survival." (p. 329); "…serial injections represent significant stress to the animals…" "To reduce and eliminate the above mentioned problem [stress] we used an ALZET osmotic minipump…" "Infusion from inserted ALZET minipumps maintains a constant drug level, resulting in a well defined, consistent pattern of drug exposure throughout the period of drug administration." "These studies suggest that TT-232 is a potent inhibitor of leukemia tumor in vitro and in vivo and suggest infusion treatment as a beneficial application in clinical practice." (p. 330); oligopeptide; enzyme inhibitor (tyrosine kinase); animal info (CBA/ca, immunosuppressed, female).

top of page