References on the Administration of Nicotine Using
ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

P8547 McDonald,C.G., Eppolito,A.K., Brielmaier,J.M., Smith,L.N., Bergstrom,H.C., Lawhead,M.R., Smith,R.F. Evidence for elevated nicotine-induced structural plasticity in nucleus accumbens of adolescent rats. Brain Research 2007; 1151(--):211-218. >>> Nicotine, bitartrate; sodium titartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium titartrate; animal info (male, Long-Evans hooded, 29 days old, 11 weeks old).

P8501 Xiao,D.L., Huang,X.H., Lawrence,J., Yang,S.M., Zhang,L.B. Fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure differentially regulates vascular contractility in adult male and female offspring. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 320(-2-):654-661. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P8485 Slotkin,T.A., Ryde,I.T., Seidler,F.J. Separate or sequential exposure to nicotine prenatally and in adulthood: Persistent effects on acetylcholine systems in rat brain regions. Brain Research Bulletin 2007; 74(-1-3-):91-103. >>> Nicotine; Water; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; plasma levels taken; animal info (3 months old, Sprague-Dawley).

P8484 Slotkin,T.A., Ryde,I.T., Tate,C.A., Seidler,F.J. Lasting effects of nicotine treatment and withdrawal on serotonergic systems and cell signaling in rat brain regions: separate or sequential exposure during fetal development and adulthood. Brain Res.Bull. 2007/7/12; 73(-4-6-):259-272. >>> Nicotine; Water; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P8483 Say,M., Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A. Changes in serotoninergic receptors 1A and 2A in the piglet brainstem after intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH) and nicotine. Brain Res. 2007/6/4; 1152(--):17-26. >>> Nicotine; Water, sterile; IP; Pig (neonate); 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; SIDS; animal info (mini-piglet; 0-2 days old).

P8448 Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J. A unique role for striatal serotonergic systems in the withdrawal from adolescent nicotine administration. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):10-16. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1007D; 1002; 2ML2; 7,17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; comparison of sc injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 13-14); dependence; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, 30 days old, male, 90 days old).

P8415 O'Dell,L.E., Torres,O.V., Natividad,L.A., Tejeda,H.A. Adolescent nicotine exposure produces less affective measures of withdrawal relative to adult nicotine exposure in male rats. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):17-22. >>> Nicotine base; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML2; 14, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 7 days; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar; 21, 27-42, 60-75 days old).

P8373 Britton,A.F., Vann,R.E., Robinson,S.E. Perinatal nicotine exposure eliminates peak in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor response in adolescent rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 320(-2-):871-876. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate, L-; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 872-3); dependence; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestation day 7, >70 days old).

P8360 Polesskaya,O.O., Fryxell,K.J., Merchant,A.D., Locklear,L.L., Ker,K.F., McDonald,C.G., Eppolito,A.K., Smith,L.N., Wheeler,T.L., Smith,R.F. Nicotine causes age-dependent changes in gene expression in the adolescent female rat brain. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):126-140. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 2004; 33 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 14 days; animal info (Long-Evans, 22 days old, male, female).

P8256 Hussein,J., Farkas,S., MacKinnon,Y., Ariano,R.E., Sitar,D.S., Hasan,S.U. Nicotine dose-concentration relationship and pregnancy outcomes in rat: Biologic plausibility and implications for future research. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 218(-1-):1-10. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 17-22 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response (fig. 3); no stress (see pg. 5); half-life (pg. 8) shorter in males; teratology; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestation day 2, 350g.).

P8251 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Zislis,G., Wilson,C., Gold,M.S. Antagonism of CRF receptors prevents the deficit in brain reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32(-4-):955-963. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-300g.).

P8048 Liechti,M.E., Markou,A. Interactive effects of the mGlu5 receptor antagonist MPEP and the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 on nicotine self-administration and reward deficits associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 554(-2-3-):164-174. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 grams).

P8383 Polesskaya,O.O., Smith,R.F., Fryxell,K.J. Chronic nicotine doses down-regulate PDE4 isoforms that are targets of antidepressants in adolescent female rats. Biological Psychiatry 2006; 61(-1-):56-64. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 23 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or no treatment; dose-response (fig. 3); pumps replaced after 12 days; animal info (female, 22 days old).

P8382 Pocivavsek,A., Icenogle,L., Levin,E.D. Ventral hippocampal alpha7 and alpha beta 2 nicotinic receptor blockade and clozapine effects on memory in female rats. Psychopharmacology 2006; 188(-4-):597-604. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; MLA; erythroidine, dihydro-beta; Saline, sterile; CSF, artifical; SC; CSF/CNS (ventral hippocampus); Rat; 2004; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 200-300g.); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease); methyllycaconitine; cannula placement confirmed w/ Chicago sky-blue dye; schizophrenia.

P8377 Rasmussen,B.A., Perry,D.C. An autoradiographic analysis of [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin binding in rat brain after chronic nicotine exposure. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 404(-1-2-):9-14. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; post op. care (buprenorphine); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 225-275g.).

P8311 Slotkin,T.A., Tate,C.A., Cousins,M.M., Seidler,F.J. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the responses to subsequent nicotine administration and withdrawal in adolescence: Serotonin receptors and cell signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31(-11-):2462-2475. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); rat; 1002; 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or sodium bitartrate; no stress (see pg. 2465); teratology; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestational day 4; male, female, 30 days old).

P8270 Eppolito,A.K., Smith,R.F. Long-term behavioral and developmental consequences of pre- and perinatal nicotine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-4-):835-841. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; SC; Rat (pregnant); rat (lactating); 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; no stress (see pg. 839-40); teratology; animal info (female, Long-Evans, gestation day 4-postpartum day 11); "Chronic exposure to prenatal and early postnatal nicotine at a relatively low dose had no effect on maternal weight gain, litter size, or weight gain in pups from P1-P22." (p. 840); "Exposure to nicotine through suckling provides a more natural route of administration." (p. 840).

P8268 Wilmouth,C.E., Spear,L.P. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine in adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-3-):648-657. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 7 days; Controls received sham surgery; functionality of mp verified by plasma continine levels; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 28 days old, 60 days old).

P8254 Levin,E.D., Lawrence,S., Petro,A., Horton,K., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Increased nicotine self-administration following prenatal exposure in female rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-3-):669-674. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17days; Controls received mp w/ sodium bitartrate; no stress (see pg. 672); teratology; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestation day 4-21).

P8247 Smith,L.N., McDonald,C.G., Bergstrom,H.C., Brielmaler,J.M., Eppolito,A.K., Wheeler,T.L., Falco,A.M., Smith,R.F. Long-term changes in fear conditioning and anxiety-like behavior following nicotine exposure in adult versus adolescent rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-1-):91-97. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 15 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium tartrate; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; dose-response (fig 1); animal info (male, female, Long-Evans, 28-42 or 85-99 days old).

P8207 Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A. Postnatal nicotine and/or intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia effects on apoptotic markers in the developing piglet brainstem medulla. Neuroscience 2006; 142(-1-):107-117. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Water, sterile; IP; Pig (neonate); 2ML2; 11-13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum cotinine; no stress (see p.109); animal info (mixed-breed miniature piglet, 2 days old, male, female, 1.2 kg).

P8197 Metzger,K.L., Maxwell,C.R., Liang,Y.L., Siegel,S.J. Effects of nicotine vary across two auditory evoked potentials in the mouse. Biological Psychiatry 2006; 61(-1-):23-30. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine + cotinine levels; animal info (C57BL/6J, DBA/2 Hsd, 10 weeks old).

P8161 Balatsouka,D., Gotfredsen,K., Sorensen,L., Lindh,C.H., Berglundh,T. Effect of systemic administration of nicotine on healing in osseous defects. An experimental study in rabbits. Part II. CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH 2006; 17(-5-):488-494. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Water, sterile; SC; Rabbit; 2ML4; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by cotinine plasma levels; long-term study; pumps replaced after 4 weeks; multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (female, New Zealand white, 9-12 months old, 3-4 kg, osseous defects).

P8105 Lockman,P.R., Gaasch,J., McAfee,G., Abbruscato,T.J., Van der Schyf,C.J., Allen,D.D. Nicotine exposure does not alter plasma to brain choline transfer. Neurochemical Research 2006; 31(-4-):503-508. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 1, 14, 21, 28 days; Controls received no treatment;animal info (male, Fischer-344, 220-250g.).

P8091 Josiah,D.T., Vincler,M.A. Impact of chronic nicotine on the development and maintenance of neuropathic hypersensitivity in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2006; 188(-2-):152-161. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML4; 7, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine&cotinine levels; dose-response (fig. 1); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-300g., spinal nerve ligation).

P8025 O'Dell,L.E., Bruijnzeel,A.W., Smith,R.T., Parsons,L.H., Merves,M.L., Goldberger,B.A., Richardson,H.N., Koob,G.F., Markou,A. Diminished nicotine withdrawal in adolescent rats: implications for vulnerability to addiction. Psychopharmacology 2006; 186(-4-):612-619. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7-8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; nicotine plasma levels taken; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin ointment); animal info (male, Wistar).

P7921 Scerri,C., Stewart,C.A., Breen,K.C., Balfour,D.J.K. The effects of chronic nicotine on spatial learning and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into the dentate gyrus of the rat. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):540-546. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 270-340 g); behavioral testing; memory; learning; filter sterilized nicotine.

P7893 Cheng,R.K., Meck,W.H., Williams,C.L. Alpha 7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and temporal memory: Synergistic effects of combining prenatal choline and nicotine on reinforcement-induced resetting of an interval clock. LEARNING&MEMORY 2006; 13(-2-):127-134. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; methyllycaconitine; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; ; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley).

P7886 Jonkman,S., Markou,A. Blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine or dopamine D1-like receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala or the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis does not precipitate nicotine withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 400(-1-2-):140-145. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tortrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4-8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 28 days; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar).

P7867 Malin,D.H., Lake,J.R., Smith,T.D., Khambati,H.N., Meyers-Paal,R.L., Montellano,A.L., Jennings,R.E., Erwin,D.S., Presley,S.E., Perales,B.A. Bupropion attenuates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):494-503. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; bupropion HCL; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute SC injection vs. mp; pumps replaced after 7 days; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 389-468g.).

P7863 Rezvani,A.H., Caldwell,D.P., Levin,E.D. Chronic nicotine interactions with clozapine and risperidone and attentional function in rats. PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY&BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2006; 30(-2-):190-197. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 60 days old, 289g.).

P7835 Vann,R.E., Balster,R.L., Beardsley,P.M. Dose, duration, and pattern of nicotine administration as determinants of behavioral dependence in rats. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):482-493. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7, 12, 14, 15 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 2); dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley); catheter tubing Lynch coil used to deliver 3 days nicotine, followed by 1 day saline, followed by remaining contents of mp (nicotine); compared with continuous nicotine administration.

P7753 French,K.L., Granholm,A.C.E., Moore,A.B., Nelson,M.E., Bimonte-Nelson,H.A. Chronic nicotine improves working and reference memory performance and reduces hippocampal NGF in aged female rats. Behavioural Brain Research 2006; 169(-2-):256-262. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cotinine plasma concentrations; dose-response (fig 1); no stress (see pg. 258); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease); animal info (Fisher-344, female, 24 month old).

P7724 Huang,Z.G., Griffioen,K.J.S., Wang,X., Dergacheva,O., Kamendi,H., Gorini,C., Bouairi,E., Mendelowitz,D. Differential control of central cardiorespiratory interactions by hypercapnia and the effect of prenatal nicotine. Journal of Neuroscience 2006; 26(-1-):21-29. >>> Nicotine; Saline, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 28 days; Controls received no nicotine exposure; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, adult, gestation day 3); "osmotic mini pumps were chosen to avoid the high plasma nicotine concentrations and subsequent episodic fetal hypoxia-ischemia that can be produced by nicotine injections." (p.22).

P7632 Barik,J., Wonnacott,S. Indirect modulation by alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of noradrenaline release in rat hippocampal slices: Interaction with glutamate and GABA systems and effect of nicotine withdrawal. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 69(-2-):618-628. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-320 g).

P7591 Goktalay,G, Cavun,S., Levendusky,M.C., Hamilton,J.R., Millington,W.R. Glycyl-glutamine inhibits nicotine conditioned place preference and withdrawal. European Journal of Pharmacology 2006; 530(-1-2-):95-102. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; Rat; 2001; 4-7 days; Controls recived mp w/ saline; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-300g).

P7520 Mugnaini,M., Garzotti,M., Sartori,I., Pilla,M., Repeto,P., Heidbreder,C.A., Tessari,M. Selective down-regulation of 125IY0-alpha-conotoxin MII binding in rat mesostriatal dopamine pathway following continuous infusion of nicotine. Neuroscience 2006; 137(-2-):565-572. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of acute SC injection vs. mp; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar 250-300 g).

P8235 Haddad,G.E., Scheer,A., Clarke,E Jr, Arguinzoni,J.K., Sobrian,S.K. Prenatal cocaine alone and combined with nicotine alters ANG II and IGF-1 induced left atrial contractions in aging male offspring. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2005; 83(-11-):957-965. >>> Nicotine, hydrogentartrate salt; SC; Rat (pregnant); 14 days; Dose-response (table 1); cardiovascular; teratology; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley).

P8180 Galanzha,E.I., Chowdhury,P., Tuchin,V.V., Zharov,V.P. Monitoring of nicotine impact in microlymphatics of rat mesentery with time-resolved microscopy. LYMPHOLOGY 2005; 38(-4-):181-192. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of topical administration vs. mp; animal info (male, Fisher, 150-200 grams).

P7740 Sekhon,H.S., Song,P.F., Jia,Y.B., Lindstrom,J., Spindel,E.R. Expression of lynx1 in developing lung and its modulation by prenatal nicotine exposure. Cell and Tissue Research 2005; 320(-2-):287-297. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Monkey (pregnant); 2ML4; 19 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced every 3 weeks; post op. care (cefazolin); animal info (female, Rhesus, gestation day 26-160); amniocentesis.

P7680 Damaj,M.I. Calcium-acting drugs modulate expression and development of chronic tolerance to nicotine-induced antinociception in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 315(-2-):959-964. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 962).

P7679 Davis,J.A., James,J.R., Siegel,S.J., Gould,T.J. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine administration impairs contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-38-):8708-8713. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 2 weeks; Functionality of mp verified by nicotine plasma levels; animal info (C57BL/6, 8-12 weeks old).

P7669 Lindblom,N., de Villiers,S.H.L., Semenova,S., Kalayanov,G., Gordon,S., Schilstroem,B., Johansson,A.M., Markou,A., Svensson,T.H. Active immunisation against nicotine blocks the reward facilitating effects of nicotine and partially prevents nicotine withdrawal in the rat as measured by dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens, brain reward thresholds and somatic signs. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 372(-3-):182-194. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; half-life (pg. 192); dependence; post op. care (bacitracin); animal info (male, Wistar 250-300 g, 450-650 g).

P7541 Cheng,S.Y., Glazkova,D., Serova,L., Sabban,E.L. Effect of prolonged nicotine infusion on response of rat catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes to restraint and cold stress. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2005; 82(-3-):559-568. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality verified by plasma nicotine levels; dose-response (table 2); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-300 g).

P7533 Hafstrom,O., Milerad,J., Sandberg,K.L., Sundell,H.W. Cardiorespiratory effects of nicotine exposure during development. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY&NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 149(-1-3-):325-341. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); monkey (pregnant); mice (pregnant); sheep (pregnant); rat, mice, monkey, sheep (lamb); 28 days; Half-life (p. 327) 54 min in rats, 2-2.5 hours in humans, 5-7 min. in mice; teratology; "Most studies of prenatal nicotine exposure have been performed in rats using maternal continuous subcutaneous infusions by osmotic minipumps (ALZET) of nicotine bitartrate". (p. 326)..

P7522 Paterson,N.E., Bruijnzeel,A.W., Kenny,P.J., Wright,C.D., Froestl,W., Markou,A. Prolonged nicotine exposure does not alter GABAB receptor-mediated regulation of brain reward function. Neuropharmacology 2005; 49(-7-):953-962. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced at day 14; post op. care (antibacterial ointment); animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350g).

P7475 Qiao,D., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Oxidative mechanisms contributing to the developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine and chlorpyrifos. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 206(-1-):17-26. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1007D; 1002; 7, 15 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; dose-response (fig. 5); toxicology; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, 30 days old, male and female).

P7456 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Markou,A. Decreased sensitivity to the effects of dopamine D1-like, but not D2-like, receptor antagonism in the posterior hypothalamic region/anterior ventral tegmental area on brain reward function during chronic exposure to nicotine in rats. Brain Research 2005; 1058(-1-2-):91-100. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 6-28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 g).

P7433 Rezvani,A.H., Caldwell,D.P., Levin,E.D. Nicotinic-serotonergic drug interactions and attentional performance in rats. Psychopharmacology 2005; 179(-3-):521-528. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (female, sprague dawley, 60 days old).

P7402 Hawkins,B.T., Egleton,R.D., Davis,T.P. Modulation of cerebral microvascular permeability by endothelial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005; 289(-1-):H212-H219. >>> Nicotine; mecamylamine; hexamethonium; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; blood pressure taken.

P7381 Faraday,M.M., Blakeman,K.H., Grunberg,N.E. Strain and sex alter effects of stress and nicotine on feeding, body weight, and HPA axis hormones. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2005; 80(-4-):577-589. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; plasma levels taken; animal info (male and female, Sprague Dawley, Long Evans, 49 days old, 171-230 g); "surgery took approximately 4 minutes per subject." P. 579.

P7363 Evans,C., Wang,J., Neff,R., Mendelowitz,D. Hypoxia recruits a respiratory-related excitatory pathway to brainstem premotor cardiac vagal neurons in animals exposed to prenatal nicotine. Neuroscience 2005; 133(-4-):1073-1079. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 28 days; Teratology, SIDS.

P7362 McDonald,C.G., Dailey,V.K., Bergstrom,H.C., Wheeler,T.L., Eppolito,A.K., Smith,L.N., Smith,R.F. Periadolescent nicotine administration produces enduring changes in dendritic morphology of medium spiny neurons from nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience Letters 2005; 385(-2-):163-167. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 2004; 6 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced at two weeks with the 2004 model; "5.6 mglkglday was chosen to provides plasma nicotine levels comparable to those seen in human smokers." p. 164; bahavioral study.

P7359 Ciani,E., Severi,S., Bartesaghi,R., Contestabile,A. Neurochemical correlates of nicotine neurotoxicity on rat habenulo-interpeduncular cholinergic neurons. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26(-3-):467-474. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 4, 7 days; Comparison of IP injections vs. sc mp.

P7320 Balatsouka,D., Gotfredsen,K., Lindh,C.H., Berglundh,T. The impact of nicotine on bone healing and osseointegration - An experimental study in rabbits. CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH 2005; 16(-3-):268-276. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Water, sterile; SC; Rabbit; 2ML4; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by plasma cotinine levels; long-term study; pumps replaced after 4 weeks.

P7317 Chen,H., Parker,S.L., Matta,S.G., Sharp,B.M. Gestational nicotine exposure reduces nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) expression in dopaminergic brain regions of adolescent rats. European Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 22(-2-):380-388. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Sodium tartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 32 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced; teratology.

P7286 Balatsouka,D., Gotfredsen,K., Lindh,C.H., Berglundh,T. The impact of nicotine on osseointegration - An experimental study in the femur and tibia of rabbits. CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH 2005; 16(-4-):389-395. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; water, sterile; SC; Rabbit; 2ML4; 2 months; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by plasma cotinine levels; long-term study; pumps replaced at 4 weeks; multiple pumps per animal (2); post op. care (streptocillin, temgesic); titanium implants in femur and tibia.

P7279 Lockman,P.R., McAfee,G., Geldenhuys,W.J., Van der Schyf,C.J., Abbruscato,T.J., Allen,D.D. Brain uptake kinetics of nicotine and cotinine after chronic nicotine exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 314(-2-):636-642. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Functionality of mp verified by nicotine (HPLC) and cotinine (enzyme immunoassay) levels; mp primed 24 hours in 37 degrees celsius saline.

P7276 Lockman,P.R., Van der Schyf,C.J., Abbruscato,T.J., Allen,D.D. Chronic nicotine exposure alters blood-brain barrier permeability and diminishes brain uptake of methyllycaconitine. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005; 94(-1-):37-44. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cotinine levels; good methods; mp primed 24 hours in 37 degrees celsius saline.

P7270 Jonkman,S., Henry,B., Semenova,S., Markou,A. Mild anxiogenic effects of nicotine withdrawal in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005; 516(-1-):40-45. >>> Nicotine tartrate; nicotine free base; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 2); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 42) 5 of the mice receiving the highest dose of nicotine showed damage to the outer skin, most likely due to the high acidity of the nicotine; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin zinc ointment).

P7258 Levin,E.D., Tizabi,Y., Rezvani,A.H., Caldwell,D.P., Petro,A., Getachew,B. Chronic nicotine and dizocilpine effects on regionally specific nicotinic and NMDA glutamate receptor binding. Brain Research 2005; 1041(-2-):132-142. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Dizocilpine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; MK-801.

P7256 Kenny,P.J., Markou,A. Conditioned nicotine withdrawal profoundly decreases the activity of brain reward systems. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-26-):6208-6212. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin ointment).

P7238 Abdel-Rahman,A., Dechkovskaia,A.M., Sutton,J.M., Chen,W.C., Guan,X.R., Khan,W.A., bou-Donia,M.B. Maternal exposure of rats to nicotine via infusion during gestation produces neurobehavioral deficits and elevated expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebellum and CA1 subfield in the offspring at puberty. Toxicology 2005; 209(-3-):245-261. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 16 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see 249); teratology; toxicology; "No sign of overt toxicity was observed in any group of mothers or offspring throughout the experimental period." (p. 249); "Nicotine delivery via osmotic minipump offers an alternative approach, whereby the episodic peak of plasma nicotine levels and resultant hypoxic episodes and stress of repeated injection can be avoided." (p. 246).

P7234 Grilli,M., Parodi,M., Raiteri,M., Marchi,M. Chronic nicotine differentially affects the function of nicotinic receptor subtypes regulating neurotransmitter release. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005; 93(-5-):1353-1360. >>> Nicotine hydrogen bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P7198 Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A., Tinworth,K.D. Effects of postnatal nicotine exposure on apoptotic markers in the developing piglet brain. Neuroscience 2005; 132(-2-):325-333. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; water, sterile; IP; Pig (neonate); 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cotinine levels in serum and urine; no stress (see pg. 326); post op. care (cephalexin).

P7150 Proskocil,B.J., Sekhon,H.S., Clark,J.A., Lupo,S.L., Jia,Y.B., Hull,W.M., Whitsett,J.A., Starcher,B.C., Spindel,E.R. Vitamin c prevents the effects of prenatal nicotine on pulmonary function in newborn monkeys. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2005; 171(-9-):1032-1039. >>> Nicotine; Water; SC; Monkey (pregnant); 2ML4; 134 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced every three weeks; teratology; post op. care (antiobiotic, twice a day for 3 days).

P7144 Miyauchi,M., Qu,Z.L., Miyauchi,Y., Zhou,S.M., Pak,H., Mandel,W.J., Fishbein,M.C., Chen,P.S., Karagueuzian,H.S. Chronic nicotine in hearts with healed ventricular myocardial infarction promotes atrial flutter that resembles typical human atrial flutter. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005; 288(-6-):H2878-H2886. >>> Nicotine; SC; Dog (mongrel); 2ML4; 28 days; Functionality of mp verified by nicotine plasma levels; MRI; multiple pumps per animal (2).

P7141 Rassoulpour,A., Wu,H.Q., Albuquerque,E.X., Schwarcz,R. Prolonged nicotine administration results in biphasic, brain-specific changes in kynurenate levels in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-4-):697-704. >>> Nicotine bitartrate salt; PBS; SC; Rat; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp.

P7019 Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J., Qiao,D., Aldridge,J.E., Tate,C.A., Cousins,M.M., Proskocil,B.J., Sekhon,H.S., Clark,J.A., Lupo,S.L., Spindel,E.R. Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on primate brain development and attempted amelioration with supplemental choline or vitamin C: Neurotransmitter receptors, cell signaling and cell development biomarkers in fetal brain regions of rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-1-):129-144. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Monkey (pregnant); 2ML4; 130 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; long-term study; pumps replaced every 3 weeks; teratology; "the infusion model used here is an appropriate simulation of continuous nicotine delivery as is typical of transdermal nicotine patches, ...and smokers (who) tend to maintain a steady-state nicotine plasma level" (pg. 141).

P6970 Shoaib,M., Bizarro,L. Deficits in a sustained attention task following nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2005; 178(-2-3-):211-222. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline, isotonic; NaOH; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; nicotine plasma levels taken; dose-response (p. 9); dependence; behavioral study.

P6900 Berrendero,F., Mendizabal,V., Robledo,P., Galeote,L., Bilkei-Gorzo,A., Zimmer,A., Maldonado,R. Nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and physical dependence are decreased in mice lacking the preproenkephalin gene. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-5-):1103-1112. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 2001; 6 days; Dependence.

P6898 Cohen,G., Roux,J.C., Grailhe,G., Malcolm,G., Changeux,J.P., Lagercrantz,H. Perinatal exposure to nicotine causes deficits associated with a loss of nicotinic receptor function. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2005; 102(-10-):3817-3821. >>> Nicotine; SC; Mice (pregnant); 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ water; half-life (p. 3820), 5-10 minutes; teratology.

P6763 Beer,A., Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J., Aldridge,J.E., Yanai,J. Nicotine therapy in adulthood reverses the synaptic and behavioral deficits elicited by prenatal exposure to phenobarbital. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-1-):156-165. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; Mice; 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium bitartrate; no stress (see pg.157); teratology.

P7134 breu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A., Slotkin,T.A. Does prenatal nicotine exposure sensitize the brain to nicotine-induced neurotoxicity in adolescence?. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(--):1440-1450. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 1002, 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; teratology; dependence.

P7064 Luo,Z., Costy-Bennett,S., Fregosi,R.E. Prenatal nicotine exposure increases the strength of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of respiratory rhythm in neonatal rats. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2004; 561(-2-):387-393. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ physiological saline; no stress (see pg. 389); teratology; post op. care (buprenorphine, penicillin).

P6981 Hawkins,B.T., Abbruscato,T.J., Egleton,R.D., Brown,R.C., Huber,J.D., Campos,C.R., Davis,T.P. Nicotine increases in vivo blood-brain barrier permeability and alters cerebral microvascular tight junction protein distribution. Brain Research 2004; 1027(-1-2-):48-58. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 1,7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by nicotine and cotinine plasma levels; post op. care (gentamycin).

P6938 Cormier,A., Paas,Y., Zini,R., Tillement,J.P., Lagrue,G., Changeux,J.P., Grailhe,R. Long-term exposure to nicotine modulates the level and activity of acetylcholine receptors in white blood cells of smokers and model mice. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2004; 66(-6-):1712-1718. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P6891 Salas,R., Pieri,F., De Biasi,M. Decreased signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice null for the beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-45-):10035-10039. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; pump incorrectly stated as a 1004.

P6880 Mechawar,N., Saghatelyan,A., Grailhe,R., Scoriels,L., Gheusi,G., Gabellec,M.M., Lledo,P.M., Changeux,J.P. Nicotinic receptors regulate the survival of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2004; 101(-26-):9822-9826. >>> Nicotine; SC; Mice; 2004; 21 days; Controls received mp w/ saline.

P6859 Huang,Z.G., Wang,X., Evans,C., Gold,A., Bouairi,E., Mendelowitz,D. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the types of nicotinic receptors that facilitate excitatory inputs to cardiac vagal neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 2004; 92(-4-):2548-2554. >>> Nicotine; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); ; Controls received no exposure; teratology.

P6855 Razani-Boroujerdi,S., Singh,S.P., Knall,C., Hahn,F.F., Pena-Philippides,J.C., Kalra,R., Langley,R.J., Sopori,M.L. Chronic nicotine inhibits inflammation and promotes influenza infection. Cellular Immunology 2004; 230(-1-):1-9. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; mice; 2004; 23-28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; influenza.

P6853 Stier,CT Jr, Serova,L.I., Singh,G., Sabban,E.L. Stress triggered rise in plasma aldosterone is lessened by chronic nicotine infusion. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 495(-2-3-):167-170. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 169); cardiovascular.

P6846 Balerio,G.N., Aso,E., Berrendero,F., Murtra,P., Maldonado,R. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases somatic and motivational manifestations of nicotine withdrawal in mice. European Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 20(-10-):2737-2748. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 2001; 2002; 6, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P6844 Slotkin,T.A., Cousins,M.M., Seidler,F.J. Administration of nicotine to adolescent rats evokes regionally selective upregulation of CNS alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Brain Research 2004; 1030(-1-):159-163. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1002; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate.

P6837 Slotkin,T.A., Southard,M.C., Adam,S.J., Cousins,M.M., Seidler,F.J. alpha 7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors targeted by cholinergic developmental neurotoxicants: nicotine and chlorpyrifos. Brain Research Bulletin 2004; 64(-3-):227-235. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels.

P6759 Shoaib,M., Lowe,A.S., Williams,S.C.R. Imaging localised dynamic changes in the nucleus accumbens following nicotine withdrawal in rats. NEUROIMAGE 2004; 22(-2-):847-854. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; MRI.

P6753 Nguyen,H.N., Rasmussen,B.A., Perry,D.C. Binding and functional activity of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in selected rat brain regions are increased following long-term but not short-term nicotine treatment. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004; 90(-1-):40-49. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2002; 2 weeks; 16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; post op. care (topical antibiotics).

P6738 Neff,R.A., Simmens,S.J., Evans,C., Mendelowitz,D. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters central cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia in rats: Implications for sudden infant death syndrome. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-42-):9261-9268. >>> Nicotine; Saline, bacteriostatic; Rat (pregnant); 28 days; Controls received no prenatal exposure; "Osmotic minipumps were chosen to avoid the high plasma nicotine concentrations and subsequent episodic fetal hypoxia-ischemia that can be produced by nicotine injections." (9262-3); SIDS.

P6727 Rezvani,A.H., Levin,E.D. Nicotine-antipsychotic drug interactions and attentional performance in female rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 486(-2-):175-182. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks.

P6631 Simakajornboon,N., Vlasic,V., Li,H., Sawnani,H. Effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response and protein kinase C expression in caudal brain stem of developing rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004; 96(-6-):2213-2219. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; "This implantable minipump has been shown to allow for a steady-state infusion of nicotine at the dose mimicking the plasma levels found in smokers and users of transdermal nicotine patches." (p. 2214).

P6500 Vaglenova,J., Birru,S., Pandiella,N.M., Breese,C.R. An assessment of the long-term developmental and behavioral teratogenicity of prenatal nicotine exposure. Behavioural Brain Research 2004; 150(-1-2-):159-170. >>> Nicotine base; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat (pregnant); 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg.161); teratology; dependence.

P6473 Hafstroem,O., Milerad,J., Sundell,H.W. Postnatal nicotine exposure does not further compromise hypoxia defense mechanisms in prenatally nicotine-exposed lambs. Acta Paediatrica 2004; 93(-4-):545-551. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Sheep (lamb); sheep (pregnant); 2ML4; 21,50 days; Pumps replaced after 28 days in pregnant sheep, after approx. 10 days in lambs; teratology.

P6448 Abreu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Tate,C.A., Cousins,M.M., Slotkin,T.A. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the response to nicotine administration in adolescence: Effects on cholinergic systems during exposure and withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(-5-):879-890. >>> Nicotine; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (neonate); 1002; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; 1002's used in neonatal rats and 2ML2 pumps were used in adult rats.

P6353 Kane,V.B., Fu,Y.T., Matta,S.G., Sharp,B.M. Gestational nicotine exposure attenuates nicotine-stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell of adolescent Lewis rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2004; 308(-2-):521-528. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium bitartrate; teratology.

P6268 Semba,J., Wakuta,M., Maeda,J., Suhara,T. Nicotine withdrawal induces subsensitivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stress in rats: implications for precipitation of depression during smoking cessation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29(-2-):215-226. >>> Nicotine; Saline; sodium hydroxide; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 12 days; Controls received mp with neutral tartrate solution; pumps were removed to terminate infusion exactly on the 12th day.

P6256 Paterson,N.E., Markou,A. Prolonged nicotine dependence associated with extended access to nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 2004; 173(-1-2-):64-72. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 1 week; Dependence; post op. care (topical iodine); lists nicotine dependence dose for infusion.

P6254 Bishop,C., Parker,G.C., Coscina,D.V. Systemic nicotine alters whole-body fat utilization in female rats. PHYSIOLOGY&BEHAVIOR 2004; 80(-4-):563-567. >>> Nicotine; Tartaric acid; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days.

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