Recent References on the Study of Obesity, Appetite & Satiety
Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

This list is not all-inclusive; if an agent of interest to you is not on this list, please contact ALZET Technical Support. Note that the list of insulin references is extensive and available separately

1. Agouti-related Protein

P8331 Joppa,M.A., Gogas,K.R., Foster,A.C., Markison,S. Central infusion of the melanocortin receptor antagonist agouti-related peptide (AgRP(83-132)) prevents cachexia-related symptoms induced by radiation and colon-26 tumors in mice. Peptides 2007; 28(-3-):636-642. >>> Agouti-related peptide (83-132); Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cancer (colon adenocarcinoma); peptides; animal info (male, BALB/C, 6 weeks old, 22 grams).

P5827 Kas,M.J.H., van Dijk,G., Scheurink,A.J.W., Adan,R.A.H. Agouti-related protein prevents self-starvation. Molecular Psychiatry 2003; 8(-2-):235-240. >>> Agouti-related protein; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1007D; 4-5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit used; peptides; catheter tubing filled w/ saline to allow 2-3 day delayed infusion; Agouti-related protein is a suppressor of melanocortin receptor activity.

P5583 Fekete,C., Sarkar,S., Rand,W.M., Harney,J.W., Emerson,C.H., Bianco,A.C., Lechan,R.M. Agouti-related protein (AGRP) has a central inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis; Comparisons between the effect of AGRP and neuropeptide Y on energy homeostasis and the HPT axis. Endocrinology 2002; 143(-10-):3846-3853. >>> Neuropeptide Y; Agouti-related protein; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; rat; 1003D; 3 days; peptides; cannula was implanted then occluded with a dummy cannula for one week prior to infusion to allow for recovery; AGRP is an appetite stimulant.

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2. CART (55-102)

P7017 Choi,Y.H., la-Fera,M.A., Li,C.L., Hartzell,D.L., Little,D.E., Kuhar,M.J., Balle,C.A. CART peptide: central mediator of leptin-induced adipose tissue apoptosis?. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2004; 121(-1-3-):155-162. >>> CART (55-102); leptin, recomb. rat; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1007D; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response; peptides; mp primed overnight; catheter connecting mp to cannula filled with 12 ul aCSF to give 24 hours lag time before agent delivery.

P5040 Rohner-Jeanrenaud,F., Craft,L.S., Bridwell,J., Suter,T.M., Tinsley,F.C., Smiley,D.L., Burkhart,D.R., Statnick,M.A., Heiman,M.L., Ravussin,E., Caro,J.F. Chronic central infusion of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART 55-102): effects on body weight homeostasis in lean and high -fat-fed obese rats. International Journal of Obesity 2002; 26(--):143-149. >>> CART (55-102); Saline; ascorbic acid;; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 6 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; in vitro stability verified by HPLC: 72% of agent was stable after 7 days (p. 145); peptides; ALZET Brain Infusion Kit used; CART is Cocaine-and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript; pumps primed for at least 20 hours (p. 144).

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3. Corticotropin-rel. Factor

P7604 Bernier,N.J., Craig,P.M. CRF-related peptides contribute to stress response and regulation of appetite in hypoxic rainbow trout. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2005; 289(-4-):R982-R990. >>> Corticotropin-rel. factor, a helical (9-41); Saline, physiological; NaOH; CSF/CNS; Fish (rainbow trout); 1003D; 8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. R984); peptides; animal info (male, female, hypoxia); CRF receptor antagonist; x-ray radiography; mp encased in a layer of dialysis tubing; cannula placement confirm; mp at 14 C.

P6607 Kagamiishi,Y., Yamamoto,T., Watanabe,S. Detrimental role of corticotropin-releasing factor on the decrease of CA1 field potential induced by in vitro ischemia in rat hippocampal slices. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2004; 94(-1-):39-44. >>> Corticotropin-rel. factor; astressin; Saline; BSA; ascorbic acid; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit 1 used; 2 week recovery period by filling tubing and cannula with sterile saline; tubing attached to pump after recovery periord; astressin is a novel CRF antagonist; BSA and ascorbic acid was 0.1%; ischemia (cerebral).

P3228 Jain,V., Shi,S.-Q., Vedernikov,Y.P., Saade,G.R., Chwalisz,K., Garfield,R.E. In vivo effects of corticotropin-releasing factor in pregnant rats. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1998; 178(--):186-191. >>> Corticotropin-rel. factor; Corticotropin-rel. factor, 9-41; Saline, normal; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML1; no duration posted; controls received mp w/vehicle; peptides; cardiovascular.

P3927 Buwalda,B., de Boer,S.F., Van Kalkeren,A.A., Koolhaas,J.M. Physiological and behavioral effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor in the rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997; 22(-5-):297-309. >>> Corticotropin-rel. factor, ovine; Saline; BSA; Ascorbic acid; CSF/CNS; rat; 2002; 10 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used; catheter filled w/ saline to delay agent delivery.

P3832 Huang,T-S. Concomitant infusion of ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone does not prevent suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by dexamethasone in male rats. J.Endocrinol.Invest. 1997; 20(--):393-396. >>> Dexamethasone; Corticotropin-rel. factor, ovine; SC; rat; 1003D; 2001; 3,7 days; replacement therapy; peptides.

P4268 Heinrichs,S.C., Lapsansky,J., Behan,D.P., Chan,R.K.W., Sawchenko,P.E., Lorang,M., Ling,N., Vale,W.W., De Souza,E.B. Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein ligand inhibitor blunts excessive weight gain in genetically obese Zucker rats and rats during nicotine withdrawal. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1996/12; 93(--):15475-15480. >>> Nicotine tartrate salt; Corticotropin-rel. factor, 6-33;; Saline; SC; CSF/CNS;; rat; 2001; 2002;; 14 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used; recomb. human corticotropin releasing factor used; dummy cannula maintained cannula patency during one week recovery period; after 14 day SC nicotine infusion, r/h CRF (6-33) was infused ICV.

P2719 Labeur,M.S., Arzt,E., Wiegers,G.J., Holsboer,F., Reul,J.M.H.M. Long-term intracerebroventricular corticotropin-releasing hormone administration induces distinct changes in rat splenocyte activation and cytokine expression. Endocrinology 1995; 136(-6-):2678-2688. >>> Corticotropin-rel. factor; Saline, sterile; Ascorbic acid; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 1 week; controls received mp w/ vehicle; replacement therapy (adrenalectomy); peptides.

P3197 Hauger,R.L., Aguilera,G. Regulation of pituitary corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) receptors by CRH: interaction with vasopressin. Endocrinology 1993; 133(--):1708-1714. >>> Corticotropin-rel. factor; Vasopressin; Vasopressin antagonist; SC; rat; 2001; 48 hours; controls received inactive mp or silastic tubing; peptides; the vasopressin antagonist was (mercapto cyclopenta-methylene propionic acid)-[methyl-tyrosine]arginine VP; agents given singly or together.

P2287 Rivest,S., Plotsky,P.M., Rivier,C. CRF alters the infundibular LHRH secretory system from the medial preoptic area of female rats: possible involvement of opioid receptors. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 57(--):236-246. >>> Corticotropin-rel. factor; Ascorbic acid; Albumin, bovine serum; Saline; CSF/CNS (hypothalamic medial preoptic area); rat; 2001; 7 days; two pumps connected to double internal cannula; animals were ovariectomized.

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4. Dexfenfluramine

P7822 Callebert,J., Esteve,J.M., Herve,P., Peoc'h,K., Tournois,C., Drouet,L., Launay,J.M., Maroteaux,L. Evidence for a control of plasma serotonin levels by 5-hydroxytryptamine2B receptors in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006; 317(-2-):724-731. >>> Dexfenfluramine; RS-127445; Mice; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; cardiovascular; animal info (129PAS wt or 5-HT2B-R(-/-), 6wk old, 20-25g, male, female).

P5548 Launay,J.M., Herve,P., Peoc'h,K., Tournois,C., Callebert,J., Nebigil,C.G., Etienne,N., Drouet,L., Humbert,M., Simonneau,G., Maroteaux,L. Function of the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor in pulmonary hypertension. Nature Medicine 2002; 8(-10-):1129-1135. >>> RS-127445; dexfenfluramine; Mice; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; RS-127445 is a highly selective, high affinity 5-HT2B receptor antagonist; dexfenfluramine is an amphetamine-derived appetite suppressant.

P4569 Bratter,J, Gessner,I.H, Rowland,N.E. Effects of prenatal co-administration of phentermine and dexfenfluramine in rats.. European Journal of Pharmacology 1999; 369(--):R1-R3. >>> Phentermine; dexfenfluramine;; water;; SC;; rat (pregnant);; 2002;; 14 days;; controls received mp w/vehicle; teratology; phentermine and dexfenfluramine infused together in the same pump;.

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5. Ghrelin

P7896 Diano,S., Farr,S.A., Benoit,S.C., McNay,E.C., da Silva,I., Horvath,B., Gaskin,F.S., Nonaka,N., Jaeger,L.B., Banks,W.A., Morley,J.E., Pinto,S., Sherwin,R.S., Xu,L., Yamada,K.A., Sleeman,M.W., Tschoep,M.H., Horvath,T.L. Ghrelin controls hippocampal spine synapse density and memory performance. Nature Neuroscience 2006; 9(-3-):381-388. >>> Ghrelin; Saline; SC; Mice; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; replacement therapy (ghrelin knockout); peptides; animal info (C57/B16, Ghsr -/-, male); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease).

P7837 Martini,A.C., Fernandez-Fernandez,R., Tovar,S., Navarro,V.M., Vigo,E., Vazquez,M.J., Davies,J.S., Thompson,N.M., Aguilar,E., Pinilla,L., Wells,T., Dieguez,C., Tena-Sempere,M. Comparative analysis of the effects of ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin on luteinizing hormone secretion in male rats. Endocrinology 2006; 147(-5-):2374-2382. >>> Ghrelin, rat; ghrelin, des-octanoyl; L163, 255; Saline, sterile; heparin; BSA; IV (jugalar); Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 12 wk. old); L163, 255 is GHS-R1a-specific agonist.

P7609 Wu,R.Q., Dong,W.F., Zhou,M., Cui,X.X., Simms,H.H., Wang,P. Ghrelin improves tissue perfusion in severe sepsis via downregulation of endothelin-1. Cardiovascular Research 2005; 68(-2-):318-326. >>> Ghrelin, rat; PD 142893; Saline, normal; IV (jugular); Rat; 2001D; 15 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or sham operated; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; half-life (pg. 324) 11-17 min. in rat; cardiovascular; peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley 275-325 g); cecal ligation.

P7303 Riley,L.G., Fox,B.K., Kaiya,H., Hirano,T., Grau,E.G. Long-term treatment of ghrelin stimulates feeding, fat deposition, and alters the GH/IGF-I axis in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2005; 142(-1-2-):234-240. >>> Ghrelin-C8, tilapia; ghrelin-C10, tilapia; Saline, sterile; IP; Fish (tilapia); 1002; 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 235); peptides; post op. care (maracyn); fish temperature of 25 degrees celsius gives a 28 day predicted duration for mp 1002; endocrinology.

P6836 Ariyasu,H., Takaya,K., Iwakura,H., Hosoda,H., Akamizu,T., Arai,Y., Kangawa,K., Nakao,K. Transgenic mice overexpressing des-acyl ghrelin show small phenotype. Endocrinology 2005; 146(-1-):355-364. >>> Ghrelin, rat des-acyl; Saline; IP; Mice; 1002; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 360); peptides.

P6948 Kim,M.S., Namkoong,C., Kim,H.S., Jang,P.G., Pak,Y.M.K., Katakami,H., Park,J.Y., Lee,K.U. Chronic central administration of ghrelin reverses the effects of leptin. International Journal of Obesity 2004; 28(-10-):1264-1271. >>> Leptin; ghrelin; Saline; CSF/CNS (third ventricle); Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; plasma levels; peptides; Plastics One cannula used; 7 day recovery from cannulation prior to pump implant; cannulation verified by dipsogenic response to ICV administration of angiotensin II (150 ng/rat), positive response was defined as the consumption of 5 ml of water within 1 hr of injection.

P6549 Thompson,N.M., Gill,D.A.S., Davies,R., Loveridge,N., Houston,P.A., Robinson,I.C.A.F., Wells,T. Ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin promote adipogenesis directly in vivo by a mechanism independent of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Endocrinology 2004; 145(-1-):234-242. >>> Ghrelin, rat; ghrelin, des-octanoyl rat; L-163,255; Saline, sterile; BSA; heparin; Bone (tibial bone marrow); Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg.236); peptides; cyanoacrylate adhesive; L-163,255 is a spiropiperidine GHS-R1a agonist; 5 U/ml of heparin.

P5828 Tschop,M., Smiley,D.L., Heiman,M.L. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2003; 407(-6806-):908-913. >>> Ghrelin; Water; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 4a; pg 911); peptides; 1 ul/hr pump model for 7 days; obesity research.

P4690 Date,Y, Murakami,N, Kojima,M, Kuroiwa,T, Matsukura,S, Kangawa,K., Nakazato,M. Central effects of a novel acylated peptide, ghrelin, on growth hormone release in rats.. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000; 275(--):477-480. >>> Ghrelin; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2002; 12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of single bolus ICV injections vs. mp; peptides; Ghrelin is a novel growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide; proper cannulae placement verified at end of experiment by the administration of dye..

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6. Glucagon-like Peptide-1

P6648 Nikolaidis,L.A., Hentosz,T., Stolarski,C., Elahi,D., Shannon,R.P. Recombinant glucagon like peptide-1 (rGLP-1) improves survival in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats. Circulation 2003; 108(-17-):93-94. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide; Saline; SC; Rat; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

R0153 Meier,J.J., Gallwitz,B., Schmidt,W.E., Nauck,M.A. Glucagon-like peptide 1 as a regulator of food intake and body weight: therapeutic perspectives. European Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 440(--):269-279. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1; CSF/CNS; mice; ; continuous ICV infusion via minipump mentioned on p. 272; numerous delivery methods; brain tissue distribution; peptides.

P6185 Farilla,L., Hui,H.X., Bertolotto,C., Kang,E., Bulotta,A., Di Mario,U., Perfetti,R. Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes islet cell growth and inhibits apoptosis in Zucker diabetic rats. Endocrinology 2002; 143(-11-):4397-4408. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1; Saline; SC; Rat; 2 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides.

P5478 Hui,H.X., Farilla,L., Merkel,P., Perfetti,R. The short half-life of glucagon-like peptide-1 in plasma does not reflect its long-lasting beneficial effects. European Journal of Endocrinology 2002; 146(-6-):863-869. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1; SC; Rat; 2 days; Dose-respose (figure 2, p. 146); half-life (p. 863) 1.5 - 5 min; peptides; agent is human recombinant.

P5320 Perry,T., Haughey,N.J., Mattson,M.P., Egan,J.M., Greig,N.H. Protection and reversal of excitotoxic neuronal damage by glucagon-like peptide-1 and exendin-4. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2002; 302(-3-):881-888. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1; Exendin-4; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; Exendin-4 half-life (p. 882) 120 mins; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used.

P4217 Donahey,J.C.K., van Dijk,G., Woods,S.C., Seeley,R.J. Intraventricular GLP-1 reduces short- but not long-term food intake or body weight in lean and obese rats. Brain Research 1998; 779(--):75-83. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide; Saline; CSF/CNS (third ventricle); rat; 2002; 4 days; controls received mp w/saline; functionality of mp verified by movement of air bubble along tubing; one week recovery after cannula placement; cannula placement confirmed by administration of angiotensin II; pump filled with saline and agent and loaded in catheter tubing; air bubble used to separate solutions; Lynch coil technique; peptides.

P4482 Wang,Y, Perfetti,R, Greig,N.H, Hooloway,H.W, Deore,K.A, Montrose-Rafizadeh,C, Elahi,D, Egan,J.M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 can reverse the age-related decline in glucose tolerance in rats.. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997/6; 99(-12-):2883-2889. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1); Saline;; SC;; rat;; 48 hours;; controls received mp w/vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma GLP-1 levels; peptides;.

P3837 Mizuno,A., Kuwajima,M., Ishida,K., Noma,Y., Murakami,T., Tateishi,K., Sato,I., Shima,K. Extrapancreatic action of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 in otsuka long-evans tokushima fatty rats, an animal model for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1997; 46(-7-):745-749. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide; SC; rat; 2002; 4 weeks; controls received mp w/vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma GLP-1 assays at days 0 and 12; peptides.

P3172 Hargrove,D.M., Nardone,N.A., Persson,L.M., Parker,J.C., Stevenson,R.W. Glucose-dependent action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-37) in vivo during short- or long- term administration. Metabolism 1995; 44(-9-):1231-1237. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-37); Tween 80; Saline; SC; rat; 5 days; controls received mp with vehicle; comparison of acute infusion vs. mp; peptides; "... it is likely that only a portion of the GLP-1(7-37) administered subcutaneously was absorbed..." (p. 1235).

P3287 Kawai,K., Ohashi,S. Long-term (1-month) administration of GLP-1(7-36)amide to normal and diabetic rats. Digestion 1993; 54(-6-):359-360. >>> Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide; SC; rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; controls received sham operation; peptides.

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7. Leptin (2001-2007)

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8. Melanin-concentrating Hormone

P8300 Messina,M.M., Overton,J.M. Cardiovascular effects of melanin-concentrating hormone. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2007; 139(-1-3-):23-30. >>> Melanin-concentrating hormone; PBS; BSA; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1002; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 1); comparison of acute icv infusion vs. mp; peptides; post op. care (Bupivacaine); animal info (male, Long-Evans, 330g.).

P7245 Mashiko,S., Ishihara,A., Gomori,A., Moriya,R., Ito,M., Iwaasa,H., Matsuda,M., Feng,Y., Shen,Z., Marsh,D.J., Bednarek,M.A., MacNeil,D.J., Kanatani,A. Antiobesity effect of a melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor antagonist in diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology 2005; 146(-7-):3080-3086. >>> Melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor antagonist; Propylene glycol; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; CSF/CNS (third ventricle); Mice; 1007D; 2002; 2004; 3, 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced after 1 or 4 weeks of vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit used; peptides; cyanoacrylate adhesive; post op. care (cefamedin); DEXA; cannula placement confirmed by Evans blue dye injection; animal info (C57BL/6); pumps used in lateral ventricle for one group of animals, and third ventricle for others. Third ventricle group used Plastics One cannulae.

P6233 Shearman,L.P., Camacho,R.E., Stribling,D.S., Zhou,D., Bednarek,M.A., Hreniuk,D.L., Feighner,S.D., Tan,C.P., Howard,A.D., Van der Ploeg,L.H.T., MacIntyre,D.E., Hickey,G.J., Strack,A.M. Chronic MCH-1 receptor modulation alters appetite, body weight and adiposity in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 475(-1-3-):37-47. >>> Neuropeptide Y, rat; melanin-concentrating hormone-1, receptor agonist; melanin-concentrating hormone-1, receptor antagonist; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 5); peptides; post op. care (antisedan); pump model incorrectly given as 2001 (p. 39); based on flow rate (.5 ul/hr) and duration (14 days) is actually model 2002 (p. 39).

P5605 Gomori,A., Ishihara,A., Ito,M., Mashiko,S., Matsushita,H., Yumoto,M., Ito,M., Tanaka,T., Tokita,S., Moriya,M., Iwaasa,H., Kanatani,A. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of MCH causes obesity in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2003; 284(-3-):E583-E588. >>> Melanin-concentrating hormone; Propylene glycol; CSF/CNS; Mice; 2001; 14 days; Controls received mp/ w vehicle; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used; 1st pump with vehicle only to allow for recovery (7-14 days), then the pump was replaced for MCH infusion; obesity.

P5509 Della-Zuana,O., Presse,F., Ortola,C., Duhault,J., Nahon,J.L., Levens,N. Acute and chronic administration of melanin-concentrating hormone enhances food intake and body weight in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. International Journal of Obesity 2002; 26(-10-):1289-1295. >>> Melanin-concentrating hormone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used; cannula placement verified following injection of Evans blue dye.

P5066 Marsh,D.J., Weingarth,D.T., Novi,D.E., Chen,H.Y., Trumbauer,M.E. Melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor-deficient mice are lean, hyperactive, and hyperphagic and have altered metabolism. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES O F AMERICA 2002; 99(-5-):3240-3245. >>> Melanin-concentrating hormone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (third ventricle); mice; 6 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of ICV injections vs mp; peptides; cannula patency verified via cresyl violet staining; mice received vehicle pumps for 6 days; pump model not indicated; pumps used had release rate of 0.5 ul/hr..

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9. Melanotan II

P7055 Li,G., Zhang,Y., Wilsey,J.T., Scarpace,P.J. Unabated anorexic and enhanced thermogenic responses to melanotan II in diet-induced obese rats despite reduced melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor expression. Journal of Endocrinology 2004; 182(-1-):123-132. >>> Leptin, recomb. mouse; melanotan II; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit 2 used.

P6877 Zhang,Y., Matheny,M., Tuemer,N., Scarpace,P.J. Aged-obese rats exhibit robust responses to a melanocortin agonist and antagonist despite leptin resistance. NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING 2004; 25(-10-):1349-1360. >>> Melanotan II; SHU-9119; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 14,21 days; pumps replaced after 7 days; all animals received an initial 7 day aCSF infusion.

P6874 Banno,R., Arima,H., Sato,I., Hayashi,M., Goto,M., Sugimura,Y., Murase,T., Oiso,Y. The melanocortin agonist melanotan II increases insulin sensitivity in OLETF rats. Peptides 2004; 25(-8-):1279-1286. >>> Melanotan II; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 25 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P6066 Scarpace,P.J., Matheny,M., Zolotukhin,S., Tumer,N., Zhang,Y. Leptin-induced leptin resistant rats exhibit enhanced responses to the melanocortin agonist MT II. Neuropharmacology 2003; 45(-2-):211-219. >>> Leptin; melanotan II; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; leptin plasma levels taken; ALZET brain infusion kit used; obesity; melanotan II (MT II) is a melanocortin receptor agonist; leptin was infused for 7 days, then the pump was replaced with MTII for another 7 days; pump model was not listed.

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10. Neuropeptide Y

P8089 Gebhard,C., Petroktistis,F., Zhang,H., Kammerer,D., Koehle,C., Klingel,K., Albinus,M., Gleiter,C.H., Osswald,H., Grenz,A. Role of renal nerves and salt intake on erythropoietin secretion in rats following carbon monoxide exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006; 319(-1-):111-116. >>> Isoproterenol; neuropeptide Y, [Leu31, Pro34]-; neuropeptide Y1 receptor antagonist; IV (jugular); Rat; 1003D; 16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; half-life (p.115) "short" for isoproterenol; peptides; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-320g.).

P7215 Michalkiewicz,M., Zhao,G.Q., Jia,Z., Michalkiewicz,T., Racadio,M.J. Central neuropeptide Y signaling ameliorates N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hypertension in the rat through a Y1 receptor mechanism. Hypertension 2005; 45(-4-):780-785. >>> Neuropeptide Y, synthetic rat; BIBP3226; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cardiovascular; antihypertensive; peptides; cannula placement confirmed by methylene blue staining; "This approach (mp) allowed us to assess the role of endogenous NPY in long-term control of BP under experimental conditions that excluded complications associated with anesthesia, restraint, and short-term drug administration." (p. 782); neuropeptide Y, Y1 receptor antagonist.

P6952 Henry,M., Ghibaudi,L., Gao,J., Hwa,J.J. Energy metabolic profile of mice after chronic activation of central NPY Y1, Y2, or Y5 receptors. Obesity Research 2005; 13(-1-):36-47. >>> Neuropeptide Y; Y1 agonist; Y5 agonist; Saline; water; ascorbic acid; CSF/CNS; Mice; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; mice received a two week recovery period; guide cannula used and secured with tissue adhesive; animal info (6 week old, C57BL/6, 25-30 grams).

P6495 Raposinho,P.D., Pedrazzini,T., White,R.B., Palmiter,R.D., Aubert,M.L. Chronic neuropeptide Y infusion into the lateral ventricle induces sustained feeding and obesity in mice lacking either Npy1r or Npy5r expression. Endocrinology 2004; 145(-1-):304-310. >>> Neuropeptide Y, porcine; Phosphate buffer; sodium chloride; ascorbic acid; BSA; CSF/CNS; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; stress/adverse reaction: (see pg.305) initial weight loss from surgery/anesthesia; ALZET brain infusion kit 2 used; peptides; cyanoacrylate adhesive (Loctite 454).

P7706 Mashiko,S., Ishihara,A., Iwaasa,H., Sano,H., Oda,Z., Ito,J., Yumoto,M., Okawa,M., Suzuki,J., Fukuroda,T., Jitsuoka,M., Morin,N.R., MacNeil,D.J., Van der Ploeg,L.H., Ihara,M., Fukami,T., Kanatani,A. Characterization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor-mediated obesity in mice: chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of D-Trp34NPY. Endocrinology 2003/5; 144(-5-):1793-1801. >>> Neuropeptide Y, D-Trp34; PBS; BSA; CSF/CNS; Mice; 2001; 2002; 13-21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 1); pumps replaced after 7-14 days; ALZET Brain Infusion kit used; peptides; post op. care (cefamedin); animal info (C57BL/6J, 9-12 weeks old, male); cannula placement confirmed by Evans blue dye injection.

P6233 Shearman,L.P., Camacho,R.E., Stribling,D.S., Zhou,D., Bednarek,M.A., Hreniuk,D.L., Feighner,S.D., Tan,C.P., Howard,A.D., Van der Ploeg,L.H.T., MacIntyre,D.E., Hickey,G.J., Strack,A.M. Chronic MCH-1 receptor modulation alters appetite, body weight and adiposity in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 475(-1-3-):37-47. >>> Neuropeptide Y, rat; melanin-concentrating hormone-1, receptor agonist; melanin-concentrating hormone-1, receptor antagonist; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 5); peptides; post op. care (antisedan); pump model incorrectly given as 2001 (p. 39); based on flow rate (.5 ul/hr) and duration (14 days) is actually model 2002 (p. 39).

P6156 Mondal,M.S., Yamaguchi,H., Date,Y., Shimbara,T., Toshinai,K., Shimomura,Y., Mori,M., Nakazato,M. A role for neuropeptide W in the regulation of feeding behavior. Endocrinology 2003; 144(-11-):4729-4733. >>> Neuropeptide W; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; cannula placement verified by dye; obesity; NPW is a novel hypothalamic peptide.

P6110 Takahashi,K., Mizuarai,S., Araki,H., Mashiko,S., Ishihara,A., Kanatani,A., Itadani,H., Kotani,H. Adiposity elevates plasma MCP-1 levels leading to the increased CD11b-positive monocytes in mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003; 278(-47-):46654-46660. >>> Neuropeptide Y; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; PBS; BSA; CSF/CNS; Mice; 2002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; mcp-1 plasma levels taken; ALZET brain infusion kit used; peptides; obesity; 7-14 day recovery period after surgery; pumps filled with PBS during recovery; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is also known as MCP-1.

P5852 Raposinho,P.D., White,R.B., Aubert,M.L. The melanocortin agonist Melanotan-II reduces the orexigenic and adipogenic effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) but does not affect the NPY-driven suppressive effects on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in the male rat. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2003; 15(-2-):173-181. >>> Melanotan-II; Neuropeptide Y; PBS; Ascorbic Acid; BSA; CSF/CNS; Rat; 7 days; Peptides; Melanotan II or MTII (a melanocortin receptor agonist)&neuropeptide were dissolved in PBS, 0.01% ascorbic acid, 0.1% bovine serum albumin adjusted to ph 7.4; pump model not listed.

P6193 Fekete,C., Sarkar,S., Rand,W.M., Harney,J.W., Emerson,C.H., Bianco,A.C., Beck-Sickinger,A., Lechan,R.M. Neuropeptide Y1 and Y5 receptors mediate the effects of neuropeptide Y on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Endocrinology 2002; 143(-12-):4513-4519. >>> Neuropeptide Y; neuropeptide Y, receptor agonist; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; endocrinology.

P5583 Fekete,C., Sarkar,S., Rand,W.M., Harney,J.W., Emerson,C.H., Bianco,A.C., Lechan,R.M. Agouti-related protein (AGRP) has a central inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis; Comparisons between the effect of AGRP and neuropeptide Y on energy homeostasis and the HPT axis. Endocrinology 2002; 143(-10-):3846-3853. >>> Neuropeptide Y; Agouti-related protein; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; rat; 1003D; 3 days; peptides; cannula was implanted then occluded with a dummy cannula for one week prior to infusion to allow for recovery; AGRP is an appetite stimulant.

P5254 Toufexis,D.J., Yorozu,S., Woodside,B. Y1 receptor activation is involved in the effect of exogenous neuropeptide Y on pup growth and the early termination of lactational diestrus in the postpartum rat. J Neuroendocrinol. 2002/5; 14(-5-):354-360. >>> Neuropeptide Y; 1229U91; Neuropeptide Y, receptor agonist; Ascorbic acid; Phosphate buffer; NaCl; BSA; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; cannua placement verified manually by locating the tip postmortem; 1229U91 is a mixed Y1 antagonist/Y4 agonist.

P5234 Correia,M.L., Morgan,D.A., Sivitz,W.I., Mark,A.L., Haynes,W.G. Hemodynamic consequences of neuropeptide Y-induced obesity. Am.J Hypertens 2002/2; 15(-2 Pt 1-):137-142. >>> Neuropeptide Y; Saline; CSF/CNS (third ventricle); Rat; 2004; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; Peptides: cannula placement verified by methylene blue staining; one-week recovery period.

P5015 Kramer,A., Yang,F.C., Snodgrass,P., Li,X., Scammell,T.E., Davis,F.C., Weitz,C.J. Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling. Science 2001/12/21; 294(-5551-):2511-2515. >>> Transforming growth factor-a; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; Peptide, histidine-isoleucine; Gastrin releasing peptide; Substance P; Neuromedin-C; Neurokinin A; Neuropeptide K; Neuropeptide Y; Somatostatin; Antrin; Cholecystokinin; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone; Neurotensin; Neuromedin N;; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (third ventricle); hamster; 2002; 18-22 days; peptides.

P4898 Mateos-Verchere,J.G., Leprince,J., Tonon,M.C., Vaudry,H., Costentin,J. The octadecaneuropeptide [diazepam-binding inhibitor (33-50)] exerts potent anorexigenic effects in rodents. European Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 414(--):225-231. >>> Octadecaneuropeptide; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2002; 15 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; good methods (priming, cannula patency p. 226); ALZET brain infusion kit used; Octadecaneuropeptide (diazepam-binding inhibitor (33-50)) exerts anorexigenic effect on rodents..

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11. Peptide YY

P8299 Cruze,C.A., Su,F., Limberg,B.J., Deutsch,A.J., Stoffolano,P.J., Dai,H.J., Buchanan,D.D., Yang,H.T., Terjung,R.L., Spruell,R.D., Mittelstadt,S.W., Rosenbaum,J.S. The Y2 receptor mediates increases in collateral-dependent blood flow in a model of peripheral arterial insufficiency. Peptides 2007; 28(-2-):269-280. >>> Peptide YY, recomb. human; peptide YY (3-36), recomb. human; vascular endothelial growth factor 165; PBS; glycerol; sodium citrate; tween 20; IA (iliac); Rat; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; replacement therapy (femoral artery occlusion); dose-response (fig. 4); half-lfie (p. 276)<30 minutes; cardiovascular; peptides; ischemia (hindlimb); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 325-350 grams).

P8292 van den Hoek,A.M., Heijboer,A.C., Voshol,P.J., Havekes,L.M., Romijn,J.A., Corssmit,E.P.M., Pijl,H. Chronic PYY3-36 treatment promotes fat oxidation and ameliorates insulin resistance in C57BL6 mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2007; 292(-1-):E238-E245. >>> Peptide YY (3-36); Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; plasma levels taken; comparison of bolus injection vs. mp; animal info (C57BL/6, male, 3 months old, 35 grams); diabetes; gut hormone.

P8015 Vrang,N., Madsen,A.N., Tang-Christensen,M., Hansen,G., Larsen,P.J. PYY(3-36) reduces food intake and body weight and improves insulin sensitivity in rodent models of diet-induced obesity. Am.J.Physiol Regul.Integr.Comp Physiol 2006/8; 291(-2-):R367-R375. >>> Peptide YY (3-36); Saline, isotonic; SC; Mice; rat; 2004; 2ML4; 28 days; Stability verified by in vitro test, degradation was<0.5%/day; peptides; animal info (C57BL/6, DIO and rats, Wistar and Sprague-Dawley); gut hormone; SC administration of PYY (3-36) for 28 days reduced body weight and improved glycemic control.

P7952 Unniappan,S., McIntosh,C.H.S., Demuth,H.U., Heiser,U., Wolf,R., Kieffer,T.J. Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase IV on the satiety actions of peptide YY. Diabetologia 2006; 49(-8-):1915-1923. >>> Peptide YY (3-36), rat; peptide YY (1-36), human; peptide YY (1-36), rat; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001D; 2ML2; 6 days; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 1919); animal info (Fischer 344, 200-225 grams).

P7687 Adams,S.H., Lei,C.L., Jodka,C.M., Nikoulina,S.E., Hoyt,J.A., Gedulin,B., Mack,C.M., Kendall,E.S. PYY[3-36] administration decreases the respiratory quotient and reduces adiposity in diet-induced obese mice. Journal of Nutrition 2006; 136(-1-):195-201. >>> Peptide YY (3-36); Water; DMSO; SC; Mice; 1003D; 2001; 2004; 3,7,28 days; Animal info (obese, male, C57BL/6J); obesity; gut derived hormone; 50% DMSO used.

P7943 Tung,Y.C.L., Hewson,A.K., Carter,R.N., Dickson,S.L. Central responsiveness to a ghrelin mimetic (GHRP-6) is rapidly altered by acute changes in nutritional status in rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2005; 17(-6-):387-393. >>> Peptide YY (3-36), recomb. human; Saline; IP; Rat; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; animal info (adult, male, Wistar, 200-250 grams).

P7540 Babu,M., Purhonen,A.K., Bansiewicz,T., Maekelae,K., Walkowiak,J., Miettinen,P., Herzig,K.H. Effect of total colectomy and PYY infusion on food intake and body weight in rats. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2005; 131(-1-3-):29-33. >>> Peptide YY (3-36); PBS; IV (jugular); Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; replacement therapy (proctocolectomy); no stress (see pg. 31-32) "no signs of stress... were found at any time during our studies"; peptides; post op. care (buprenorphine); animal info (male, Wistar 300-395 g); "we chose continuous infusion from subcutaneous implanted mini pumps to mimic physiological conditions and minimize stress caused by interperitoneal injections of the peptide." (p. 32).

P6794 Pittner,R.A., Moore,C.X., Bhavsar,S.P., Gedulin,B.R., Smith,P.A., Jodka,C.M., Parkes,D.G., Paterniti,J.R., Srivastava,V.P., Young,A.A. Effects of PYY[3-36] in rodent models of diabetes and obesity. International Journal of Obesity 2004; 28(-8-):963-971. >>> Peptide YY (3-36); PBS; SC; Rat; mice; 2004; 2ML4; 4, 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 1); comparison of IP injections vs. mp; long-term study; pumps replaced after 4 weeks; diabetes; obesity; peptide.

P7429 Grise,K.R., McFadden,D.W. Peptide YY improves local and systemic parameters and prevents death in lethal necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreas 2002/1; 24(-1-):90-95. >>> Peptide YY; SC; Mice; 3,4,6 days; 24,48 hours; Controls received mp w/ normal saline; peptides.

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