References from on the Administration of Opioids
Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

1. Apomorphine

P6896 Fornai,F., Schlueter,O.M., Lenzi,P., Gesi,M., Ruffoli,R., Ferrucci,M., Lazzeri,G., Busceti,C.L., Pontarelli,F., Battaglia,G., Pellegrini,A., Nicoletti,F., Ruggieri,S., Paparelli,A., Suedhof,T.C. Parkinson-like syndrome induced by continuous MPTP infusion: Convergent roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and alpha-synuclein. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2005; 102(-9-):3413-3418. >>> MPTP; L-dopa; apomorphine; IP; SC; Mice; 2004; 1-28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease); L-dopa and apomorphine group had SC implanted pumps; route is unclear for the MPTP group; "Continuous MPTP infusions thus recreate a disease state that mimics human PD better than acute MPTP bolus injections." (p. 3417); MPTP group received IP pumps (2004 model), verified by e-mailing author.

P5291 Battaglia,G., Busceti,C.L., Cuomo,L., Giorgi,F.S., Orzi,F., De Blasi,A., Nicoletti,F., Ruggieri,S., Fornai,F. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine rescues nigro-striatal dopaminergic terminals following MPTP injection in mice. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42(-3-):367-373. >>> Apomorphine; Saline; SC; Mice; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of sc bolus injections vs. mp; 20-day stability verified by HPLC (p.368); neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease); "The neurorescue effect of continuous subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine is particularly promising from a clinical standpoint." (p.372).

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2. Buprenorphine

P8265 Sorge,R.E., Stewart,J. The effects of long-term chronic buprenorphine treatment on the locomotor and nucleus accumbens dopamine response to acute heroin and cocaine in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 84(-2-):300-305. >>> Buprenorphine HCL; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14, 28 days; Controls received sham surgery; dose-response (fig. 2); pumps replaced after 14 days; half-life (pg. 300) long half-life; tolerance; animal info (male, Long-Evans, 325-350g.).

P8264 Sorge,R.E., Stewart,J. The effects of chronic buprenorphine on intake of heroin and cocaine in rats and its effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine levels during self-administration. Psychopharmacology 2006; 188(-1-):28-41. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 28 days; Controls received sham surgery; functionality of mp verified by plasma buprenorphine levels; dose-response (fig. 1); pumps replaced after 14 days; no stress (see pg. 29); dependence; animal info (male, Long-Evans, 300-350g.).

P7423 Sorge,R.E., Rajabi,H., Stewart,J. Rats maintained chronically on buprenorphine show reduced heroin and cocaine seeking in tests of extinction and drug-induced reinstatement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-9-):1681-1692. >>> Buprenorphine; CSF/CNS (nucleus accumbens); Rat; 2ML2; ; Controls received incision and pocket, no pump; dependence; post op. care (antibiotic injection); animal info (male, long-evans, 350-375 g); Plastics One 20G cannula used.

P7403 D'Elia,M., Patenaude,J., Hamelin,C., Garrel,D.R., Bernier,J. Corticosterone binding globulin regulation and thymus changes after thermal injury in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2005; 288(-5-):E852-E860. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Mice; 12 hours; Pain treatment.

P6955 Patenaude,J., D'Elia,M., Hamelin,C., Garrel,D., Bernier,J. Burn injury induces a change in T cell homeostasis affecting preferentially CD4+ T cells. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2005; 77(-2-):141-150. >>> Buprenorphine; Mice; 1,5,10 days.

P6947 Martucci,C., Panerai,A.E., Sacerdote,P. Chronic fentanyl or buprenorphine infusion in the mouse: similar analgesic profile but different effects on immune responses. Pain 2004; 110(-1-2-):385-392. >>> Fentanyl; buprenorphine; Water; SC; Mice; 2001D; 3,7 days; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; citation may have incorrectly labeled a 2001 pump as the 2001D. "The drugs were delivered with osmotic minipumps, that allowed to reach steady plasma drug concentration for a prolonged period of time, resembling the transdermal route of administration in the human." (p. 386).

P6850 Hou,Y.N., Yuri,T.A., Belcheva,M.M., Clark,A.L., Zahm,D.S., Coscia,C.J. Differential effects of gestational buprenorphine, naloxone, and methadone on mesolimbic mu opioid and ORL1 receptor G protein coupling. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 151(-1-2-):149-157. >>> Buprenorphine; naloxone; methadone; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/ water; dose-response (fig. 3); teratology.

P6563 Babin,M.C., Ricketts,K.M., Gazaway,M.Y., Lee,R.B., Sweeney,R.E., Brozetti,J.J. A combination drug treatment against ocular sulfur mustard injury. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CUTANEOUS AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY 2004; 23(-1-):65-75. >>> Buprenorphine HCl; SC; Rabbit; 2ML1; 5-7 days; "The implanted pump provided pain control for 5-7 days without having to administer multiple injections." (p.67).

P6126 D'Elia,M., Patenaude,J., Hamelin,C., Garrel,D.R., Bernier,J. No detrimental effect from chronic exposure to buprenorphine on corticosteroid-binding globulin and corticosensitive immune parameters. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 109(-2-):179-187. >>> Buprenorphine; Saline; IP; Mice; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by ability of mu receptor agonist drugs to potentiate; pentobarbital-induced hypothermia. p. 180; pump model not stated.

P7118 Gilberto,D.B., Motzel,S.L., Bone,A.N., Burns,C.L., Zeoli,A.H., Lodge,K.E., Goode,T.L. Use of three infusion pumps for postoperative administration of buprenorphine or morphine in dogs. JAVMA 2002; 220(-11-):1655-1660. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Dog; 2ML1; 48 hours; Functionality of mp verified by residual volume and serum buprenorphine levels; comparison of infudisk, pegasus vs. ALZET vs. mp; multiple pumps per animal (3,4); mp primed overnight in sterile saline; paper provides list of most possible negative outcomes. Upon pump removal the incisions were closed with tissue glue; ALZET pump was the most cost effective method.

P5702 Borde,V.D., Bernier,J., Garrel,D.R. Effects of dietary fatty acids on burn-induced immunosuppression. Cellular Immunology 2002; 220(-2-):116-124. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Mice; ; Pain control.

P5301 Robinson,S.E., Wallace,M.J. Effect of perinatal buprenorphine exposure on development in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp.Ther 2001/8; 298(-2-):797-804. >>> Buprenorphine HCl; Methadone HCl; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (pregnant); 28-39 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; toxicology; teratology; some pumps replaced after 28 days.

P5008 Robinson,S.E., Wallace,M.J. Effect of perinatal buprenorphine exposure on development in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2001; 298(--):797-804. >>> Buprenorphine; Methadone; Water; SC; rat (pregnant); rat (neonate); 14, 28 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (graphs p. 802); teratology; toxicology; dependence; 28-day pumps implanted in pregnant rats; 14-day pumps implanted in 10-day old rat pups..

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3. Butorphanol

P7657 Lee,S.Y., Jang,C.G. Increases in 3H-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid AMPA receptor binding and mRNA expression of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor A GluR-A subunits in rats withdrawn from butorphanol. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 2005; 68(-23-24-):2163-2174. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley 230-250 g).

P7624 Tanaka,S., Fan,L.W., Tien,L.T., Park,Y., Liu-Chen,L.Y., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Butorphanol dependence increases hippocampal kappa-opioid receptor gene expression. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2005; 82(-2-):255-263. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Saline, physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (procaine penicillin G; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-275 g).

P7059 Kim,S.Y., Chudapongse,N., Lee,S.M., Levin,M.C., Oh,J.T., Park,H.J., Ho,I.K. Proteomic analysis of phosphotyrosyl proteins in the rat brain: Effect of butorphanol dependence. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2004; 77(-6-):867-877. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual drug volume; dependence; post op. care (procaine penicillin G); stadol; mp primed overnight at 35 degree C in sterile saline.

P6118 Kim,D.S., Lim,H.K., Jang,S.Y., Oh,S. Changes of the level of G protein alpha-subunit mRNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from butorphanol. Neurochemical Research 2003; 28(-12-):1771-1778. >>> Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; guide cannula used (10mm); solution was filter sterilized.

P5962 Fan,L.W., Tien,L.T., Tanaka,S., Ma,T., Chudapongse,N., Sinchaisuk,S., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Changes in the brain kappa-opioid receptor levels of rats in withdrawal from physical dependence upon butorphanol. Neuroscience 2003; 121(-4-):1063-1074. >>> Butorphanol; morphine; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (penicillin, 0.5% sensorcaine in wound site); guide cannula with stylet was used; dental cement used to adhere cannula to skull; protective aluminuim cap was placed around the cannula; tygon tubing was used; solutions were filter sterilized during filling of the pumps; brain diagram (p. 1066).

P6208 Fan,L.W., Tanaka,S., Tien,L.T., Ma,T.G., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Withdrawal from dependence upon butorphanol uniquely increases kappa1-opioid receptor binding in the rat brain. Brain Research Bulletin 2002; 58(-2-):149-160. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; morphine; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual drug volume; good methods (p. 150); dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin G); guide cannula&stylet used; dental cement secured cannula.

P6207 Fan,L.W., Tanaka,S., Park,Y., Sasaki,K., Ma,T.G., Tien,L.T., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Butorphanol dependence and withdrawal decrease hippocampal K-2-opioid receptor binding. Brain Research 2002; 958(-2-):277-290. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; good methods (p. 279); dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin).

P5743 Jang,So Yong., Kim,Younghwa, Oh,Seikwan. The bindings of [3H]muscimol and [3H]flunitrazapam are elevated in discrete brain regions of butorphanol-withdrawal rats. Neurochem Res 2002; 27(-9-):939-946. >>> Butorphanol; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; dependence.

P5479 Sinchaisuk,S., Ho,I.K., Rockhold,R.W. Focal kappa-opioid receptor-mediated dependence and withdrawal in the nucleus paragigantocellularis. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 74(-1-):241-252. >>> Morphine sulfate; butorphanol tratrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; minipumps were inserted 6-10 days after guide cannula implantation; stylet used.

P5000 Tokuyama,S., Zhu,H., Oh,S., Ho,I.K., Yamamoto,T. Further evidence for a role of NMDA receptors in the locus coeruleus in the expression of withdrawal syndrome from opioids. NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2001; 39(--):103-109. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; good methods (p. 104-105); dependence; opioid agonists; cannula placement assessed by the presence of CSF in the guide cannula; stylets used to maintain cannula patency during 1-week recovery period;.

P5245 Tokuyama,S., Ho,I.K., Yamamoto,T. A protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, blocks naloxone-precipitated changes in dopamine and its metabolites in the brains of opioid-dependent rats. Brain Res Bull. 2000/7/15; 52(-5-):363-369. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; H7; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; enzyme inhibitor; dependence; H7 is a protein kinase C inhibitor; tygon tubing used; one week recovery period; guide cannula with stylet used to ensure patency; concomitant infusion of H7 and opioids performed by mixing agents in the same pump.

P4310 Jang,C.-G., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Withdrawal from butorphanol dependence alters binding of [3H]phorbol dibutyrate to protein kinase C, but not of [3H]forskolin to adenylate cyclase. Brain Research 1999; 821(--):520-525. >>> Butorphanol;; Saline;; CSF/CNS;; rat;; 2ML1;; 3 days;; controls received mp with vehicle; dependence; animals were allowed a 7 day recovery period before infusion began; vehicle was filter sterilized; infusion stopped by snipping the catheter connected to the ICV cannula;.

P4172 Tokuyama,S., Zhu,H., Wakabayashi,H., Feng,Y.Z., Ho,I.K. The role of glutamate in the locus coeruleus during opioid withdrawal and effects of H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, on the action of glutamate in rats. J.Biomed.Sci. 1998; 5(--):45-53. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; H7; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; cannula placement verified by presence of CSF; stylets were placed in guide cannula to maintain patency; one week recovery period; agents infused singly or concomitantly; dependence.

P4316 Feng,Y., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Nor-binaltrophimine precipitates withdrawal and excitatory amino acid release in the locus ceruleus of butorphanol-but not morphine-dependent rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1997; 283(-2-):932-938. >>> Butorphanol; Morphine;; Saline;; CSF/CNS;; rat;; 2001; 3 days;; controls received mp with vehicle; good methods; dependence; animals allowed 1 week recovery before infusion began; all solutions were passed through a sterile filter; catheter tubing disconnected to stop drug infusion;.

P4173 Tsang,B.K., He,Z., Wongchanapai,W., Coleman,E.C., Ho,I.-K., Eichhorn,J.H. Induction of tolerance to intrathecal butorphanol in rats. Acta Anesthesiol.Sin. 1997; 35(--):237-240. >>> Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 96 hours; controls received mp w/saline; dose-response (p. 238); tolerance.

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4. Dynorphin A (all)

P3465 Jonsdottir,I.H., Johansson,C., Asea,A., Hellstrand,K., Thoren,P., Hoffmann,P. Chronic intracerebroventricular administration of b-endorphin augments natural killer cell cytotoxicity in rats. Regul.Pept. 1996; 62(--):113-118. >>> Endorphin, B-; Enkephalin, leucine-; Enkephalin, methionine-; Dynorphin A; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received saline infusion; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used.

P2616 Baskin,D.S., Widmayer,M.A., Browning,J.L., Heizer,M.L., Schmidt,W.K. Evaluation of delayed treatment of focal cerebral ischemia with three selective kappa-opioid agonists in cats. Stroke 1994; 25(-10-):2047-2054. >>> Dynorphin A (1-13); U-50,488; DuP E3800; SC; cat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; no stress (see pg. 2048); ischemia (cerebral).

P1261 Long,J.B., Petras,J.M., Holaday,J.W. Neurologic deficits and neuronal injury in rats resulting from nonopioid actions of the delta opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174864. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 244(-3-):1169-1177. >>> Dynorphin A (1-13); ICI-174,864; DMSO; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; mp connected to catheter i.t.; DMSO is vehicle for ICI-174864; functionality of mp verified; comparison of ICV vs. i.t. injections vs. mp infusion; stability.

S0525 Cowan,A., Mosberg,H.I., Porreca,F., Zhu,X.Z. Direct dependence studies in rats with agents selective for different subtypes of opioid receptor. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1985; 85(--):294P-. >>> Dynorphin A; Enkephalin analog; U-50,488H; Water; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 5 days; comparison of agents effects; pain; admin into the Sylvian aqueduct - a conduit between 2 ventricles; peptides.

P0591 Spampinato,S., Candeletti,S. Characterization of dynorphin A-induced antinociception at spinal level. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1985; 110(--):21-30. >>> Dynorphin A; Calcium chloride; Magnesium chloride; Potassium chloride; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 1 week; peptides.

P0482 Schulz,R., Wuster,M., Herz,A. Receptor preference of dynorphin A fragments in the mouse vas deferens determined by different techniques. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1984; 230(-1-):200-204. >>> Dynorphin A(1-8); Bestatin; Captopril; Dynorphin A; Enkephalin agonist DADL; Fentanyl; Thiorphan; Saline; SC; vas deferens; mice; 2001; 2ML1; no duration posted; comparison of agents effects; 2ML1 pump used w/ captopril, thiorphan,&bestatin; DADL&FEN admin. sc; peptides; antihypertensive.

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5. Endorphin

P7890 Boyadjieva,N., Advis,J.P., Sarkar,D.K. Role of beta-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and autonomic nervous system in mediation of the effect of chronic ethanol on natural killer cell cytolytic activity. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 30(-10-):1761-1767. >>> Endorphin, B; corticotropin releasing hormone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus); Rat; 2002; 16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; animal info (male, Fischer, 160-175g.).

P7316 Dokur,M., Chen,C.P., Advis,J.P., Sarkar,D.K. Beta-endorphin modulation of interferon-gamma, perforin and granzyme B levels in splenic NK cells: Effects of ethanol. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2005; 166(-1-2-):29-38. >>> Endorphin, B-; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus); Rat; 2002; 18 hours; Controls received mp w/ aCSF; immunology; peptides.

P6917 Dokur,M., Boyadjieva,N.I., Advis,J.P., Sarkar,D.K. Modulation of hypothalamic beta-endorphin-regulated expression of natural killer cell cytolytic activity regulatory factors by ethanol in male Fischer-344 rats. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 28(-8-):1180-1186. >>> Endorphin, beta; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus); Rat; 2002; 6 days; Plastics One bilateral guide cannula used with a 'Y' connector.

P6696 Boyadjieva,N.I., Dokur,M., Advis,J.P., Meadows,G.G., Sarkar,D.K. beta-endorphin modulation of lymphocyte proliferation: Effects of ethanol. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 26(-11-):1719-1727. >>> Endorphin, B-; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus); Rat; 2002; 16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; mp connected w/ two infusion cannulae using a Y-connector.

P5512 Hill,C., Lapanowski,K., Dunbar,J.C. The effects of beta-endorphin (beta-END) on cardiovascular and behavioral dynamics in conscious rats. Brain Research Bulletin 2002; 59(-1-):29-34. >>> Endorphin, B-; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 12 days; Cardiovascular.

P5752 Boyadjieva,N., Dokur,M., Advis,J.P., Meadows,G.G., Sarkar,D.K. Chronic ethanol inhibits NK cell cytolytic activity: role of opioid peptide beta-endorphin. J Immunol 2001; 167(-10-):5645-5652. >>> Endorphin, B-; Naltrexone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus); Rat; 2002; 4,16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; naltrexone is an opiate antagonist; used a Y connector to connect pump with a bilateral cannula.

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6. Enkephalin

P7610 Feng,P., Rahim,R.T., Cowan,A., Liu-Chen,L.Y., Peng,X.H., Gaughan,J., Meissler,JJ Jr, Adler,M.W., Eisenstein,T.K. Effects of mu, kappa or delta opioids administered by pellet or pump on oral Salmonella infection and gastrointestinal transit. European Journal of Pharmacology 2006; 534(-1-3-):250-257. >>> Morphine sulfate; enkephalin analog DPDPE; U50,488H; deltorphin II, D-ala2-; Saline, pyrogen free; SC; Mice; 1003D; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 1); comparison of pellets vs. mp; immunology; animal info (female, 6 wk old); mp primed 4 hours in 37 C saline; "morphine pellet potently exacerbated oral salmonella infection, but morphine given by pump, at doses which were immunosuppresive had a substantially lesser effect (of infection)." (p. 251).

P6537 McLaughlin,P.J., Stack,BC Jr, Braine,K.M., Ruda,J.D., Zagon,I.S. Opioid growth factor inhibition of a human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in nude mice: Dependency on the route of administration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2004; 24(-1-):227-232. >>> Enkephalin; Saline; SC; Mice (nude); 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; OGF plasma levels taken; comparison of IP and intratumoral injections vs. SC mp; adverse reaction: (see pg. 229) "within 2 days...3 minipumps containing saline were spotaneously dislodged." [possible pocket too small]; cancer (carcinoma); peptides; enkephalin was met-5 and termed OGF or opioid growth factor.

P6116 Kuzume,K., Wolff,R.A., Amakawa,K., Kuzume,K., Van Winkle,D.M. Sustained exogenous administration of Met(5)-enkephalin protects against infarction in vivo. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2003; 285(-6-):H2463-H2470. >>> Enkephalin; Saline; SC; Rabbit; 2ML1; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cardiovascular; peptides; enkephalin was met-5.

P5865 Vonhof,S., Gudka,B.D., Siren,A.L. Tolerance and dependence following chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of Tyr-D-Arg(2)-Phe-Sar(4) (TAPS). European Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 459(-1-):41-48. >>> Morphine sulfate; Enkephalin analog DAMGO; Dermorphin-derived tetrapeptide (TAPS); CSF, artifical; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of bolus injections vs. chronic mp; pumps replaced on day 4 to achieve 6 days due to dead space in catheter; ALZET brain infusion kit used; tolerance; dependence; peptides; second hole with guide cannula&stylet used for bolus injections; (ALZET) cannula placement confimed by fast green dye&the guide cannula confirmed by methylene blue; TAPS is a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist.

P4965 Vertes,Z., Sandor,A., Kovacs,K.A., Oszter,A., Kornyei,J.L., Kovacs,S., Vertes,M. Epidermal growth factor influenced by opioid peptides in immature rat uterus. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2000; 23(--):502-508. >>> Enkephalin analog; Naloxone; Saline; IP; rat; 1003D; 1-3 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by aspirating remaining contents; peptides; Enkephalin analog ENK was (D-Met2-Pro5)enkephalinamide, inhibits epidermal growth factor..

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7. Etorphine

P7344 Zhang,Q.Y., Purohit,V., Yoburn,B.C. Continuous opioid agonist treatment dose-dependently regulates mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in mouse spinal cord. Synapse 2005; 56(-3-):123-128. >>> Etorphine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellet; dose-response (p. 125, 126).

P7012 Yoburn,B.C., Purohit,V., Patel,K., Zhang,Q.Y. Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 498(-1-3-):87-96. >>> Naloxone; etorphine hcl; morphine sulfate; Saline, normal; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received inert, placebo pellets or saline injections; comparison of SC injections vs. pellets vs. mp; tolerance; "Intermittent naloxone and etorphine treatment did not regulate u-opioid receptor or dynamin-2, despite the fact that the total amount of drug administered was the same as continuous treatment." (pg. 94); animal info (m, 22-30 grams).

P5492 Gomes,B.A., Shen,J., Stafford,K., Patel,M., Yoburn,B.C. mu-opioid receptor down-regulation and tolerance are not equally dependent upon G-protein signaling. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 72(-1-2-):273-278. >>> Etorphine HCl; morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Mice; 3 days; Tolerance.

P4966 Stafford,K., Gomes,A.B., Shen,J., Yoburn,B.C. Mu-opioid receptor downregulation contributes to opioid tolerance in vivo. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2001; 69(--):233-237. >>> Etorphine hydrochloride; Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; mice; 2001; 7 days; controls received placebo pellet; functionality of mp verified by analgesia "tail-flick" dose-response test; comparison of morphine pellets vs. mp; tolerance; receptor downregulation; animal info (male, swiss webster, 22-40 grams).

P4674 Shen,J, Gomes,B, Gallagher,A, Stafford,K, Yoburn,B.C. Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in opioid agonist-induced m-opioid receptor downregulation and tolerance in mice.. Synapse 2000; 38(--):322-327. >>> Etorphine; Morphine;; SC;; mice;; 2001;; 2, 3 days;; Controls received inert placebo pellet; opioid agonists; etorphine infused for 2 days; morphine infused for 3 days; morphine pellets also used in mp/morphine implanted mice;.

P4229 Sehba,F., Duttaroy,A., Shah,S., Chen,B., Carroll,J., Yoburn,B.C. In vivo homologous regulation of m-opioid receptor gene expression in the mouse. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1997; 339(--):33-41. >>> Etorphine HCl; Saline; SC; mice; 2001; 7 days; controls received inert placebo pellet; dose-response (p. 35-38); tolerance.

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8. Fentanyl

P8341 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Marcinkiewcz,C., Isaac,S., Booth,M.M., Dennis,D.M., Gold,M.S. The effects of buprenorphine on fentanyl withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2007; 191(-4-):931-941. >>> Fentanyl citrate salt; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma fentanyl concentrations; tolerance; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 grams).

P7446 Gaitan,G., Ahuir,F.J., Herrero,J.F. Enhancement of fentanyl antinociception by subeffective doses of nitroparacetamol (NCX-701) in acute nociception and in carrageenan-induced monoarthritis. LIFE SCIENCES 2005; 77(-1-):85-95. >>> Fentanyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-320 g).

P7082 Trujillo,K.A., Kubota,K.S., Warmoth,K.P. Continuous administration of opioids produces locomotor sensitization. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2004; 79(-4-):661-669. >>> Morphine sulfate; fentanyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of pellets vs. mp; tolerance; mp primed overnight in saline at room temperature; pain; animal info (225-250 grams).

P6947 Martucci,C., Panerai,A.E., Sacerdote,P. Chronic fentanyl or buprenorphine infusion in the mouse: similar analgesic profile but different effects on immune responses. Pain 2004; 110(-1-2-):385-392. >>> Fentanyl; buprenorphine; Water; SC; Mice; 2001D; 3,7 days; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; citation may have incorrectly labeled a 2001 pump as the 2001D. "The drugs were delivered with osmotic minipumps, that allowed to reach steady plasma drug concentration for a prolonged period of time, resembling the transdermal route of administration in the human." (p. 386).

P6424 Terman,G.W., Jin,W.Z., Cheong,Y.P., Lowe,J., Caron,M.G., Lefkowitz,R.J., Chavkin,C. G-protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) influences opioid analgesic tolerance but not opioid withdrawal. British Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 141(-1-):55-64. >>> Fentanyl; SC; Mice (knockout); 1007D; 7 days; Tolerance; behavioral study.

P5909 Morinville,A., Cahill,C.M., Esdaile,M.J., Aibak,H., Collier,B., Kieffer,B.L., Beaudet,A. Regulation of delta-opioid receptor trafficking via mu-opioid receptor stimulation: Evidence from mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23(-12-):4888-4898. >>> Fentanyl Citrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; analgesic; "because of its reported short half-life and duration of action, fentanyl citrate was also administered chronically via osmotic mini-pumps." p. 4889; multiple pumps per animal (2).

P5623 Holtzman,S.G. Discrimination of a single dose of morphine followed by naltrexone: Substitution of other agonists for morphine and other antagonists for naltrexone in a rat model of acute dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 304(-3-):1033-1041. >>> Fentanyl; methadone; Saline; water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 Days; Dependence.

P4915 Fendt,M., Mucha,R.F. Anxiogenic-like effects of opiate withdrawal seen in the fear-potentiated startle test, an interdisciplinary probe for drug-related motivational states. Psychopharmacology 2001; 155(--):242-250. >>> Fentanyl citrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 4-7 days; controls received placebo "pump-shaped" silicone plugs; good methods (priming p. 244); fentanyl is an opiate analgesic; anxiety; withdrawal precipitated by IV naloxone.

P4632 Lohmann,A.B., Smith,F.L. Buprenorphine substitution ameliorates spontaneous withdrawal in fentanyl-dependent rat pups.. Pediatr.Res. 2001; 49(-1-):50-55. >>> Fentanyl citrate;; Saline, isotonic;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 72 hours;; controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; tolerance; dependence; the surgical incision was closed with Vetbond Tissue Adhesive; pumps implanted in 14-day old rat pups..

P4722 Choe,C.H, Smith,F.L. Sedative tolerance accompanies tolerance to the analgesic effects of fentanyl in infant rats.. Pediatr.Res. 2000; 47(-6-):727-735. >>> Fentanyl;; Saline;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 3 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma fentanyl levels; dose-response (table p. 729 / graph p. 730); tolerance; dependence; pumps implanted in 14 day old rat pups; surgical incision was closed with Vetbond tissue adhesive (3M animal care products);.

P4328 Thornton,S.R., Lohmann,A.B., Nicholson,R.A., Smith,F.L. Fentanyl self-administration in juvenile rats that were tolerant and dependent to fentanyl as infants. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(-3-):563-570. >>> Fentanyl HCl;; Saline, pyrogen-free isotonic; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D; 3-5 days;; controls received mp with saline; tolerance; dependence; pain.

P4308 Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Long-term alterations in opiate antinociception resulting from infant fentanyl tolerance and dependence. European Journal of Pharmacology 1998; 363(--):113-119. >>> Fentanyl HCl;; Saline;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 3-5 days;; controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P3490 Chan,K.W., Duttory,A., Yoburn,B.C. Magnitude of tolerance to fentanyl is independent of m-opioid receptor density. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1997; 319(--):225-228. >>> Fentanyl; SC; mice; 2001; 3 days; controls received placebo pellet; tolerance.

P3449 Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Characterization of neonatal rat fentanyl tolerance and dependence. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1997; 281(-1-):514-521. >>> Fentanyl; SC; rat (neonate); 1003D; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ saline; excellent methodology for working with neonates; animals were given penicillin G prophylactically, along with .5 ml saline to prevent hypovolemia; pumps were implanted 1.5 cm from the base of the tail to obviate problems w/ nursing; tolerance; dependence; teratology.

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9. Morphine (1997-2007)

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10. Pentazocine

P3459 Bergeron,R., de Montigny,C., Debonnel,G. Effect of short-term and long-term treatments with sigma ligands on the N-methyl-D-aspartate response in the CA(3) region of the rat dorsal hippocampus. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1997; 120(--):1351-1359. >>> Haloperidol; JO-1784; Pentazocine; DTG; SC; rat; 2-21 days; controls received mp w/saline; DTG is di(2-tolyl)guanidin.

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11. Sufentanil

P4728 Diaz,A, Florez,J., Pazos,A, Hurle,M.A. Opioid tolerance and supersensitivity induce regional changes in the autoradiographic density of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels in the rat central nervous system.. Pain 2000; 86(--):227-235. >>> Sufentanil citrate; Nimodipine;; Saline; Ethanol; Propylene glycol; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; Group 1 received vehicle alone, Group 2 received chronic sufentanil, Group 3 received sufentanil&nimodipine, Group 4 received nimodipine alone; Nimodipine is a CA2+ antagonist opioid; sufentanil citrate was diluted in saline; nimodipine was diluted in 10% ethanol / 20% propylene glycol / 70% water.

P4727 Diaz,A, Pazos,A, Florez,J., Hurle,M.A. Autoradiographic mapping of m-opioid receptors during opiate tolerance and supersensitivity in the rat central nervous system.. Nauyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 2000; 362(--):101-109. >>> Sufentanil citrate; Nimodipine;; Saline; Ethanol; Propylene glycol; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; Group 1 received sufentanil, Group 2 received sufentanil&nimodipine, Group 3 received nimodipine, Group 4 received vehicle; Nimodipine is a Ca channel blocker; sufentanil was diluted in saline; nimodipine was diluted in 10% ethanol / 20% propylene glycol / 70% water;.

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