References on the Administration of Drugs of Abuse (including Amphetamines, Barbiturates, Cocaine, GHB, Heroin, Nicotine, and PCP) Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

1. Amphetamine

Q0496 Kitanaka,N., Kitanaka,J., Tatsuta,T., Tanaka,K., Watabe,K., Nishiyama,N., Morita,Y., Takemura,M. Withdrawal from Fixed-Dose Injection of Methamphetamine Decreases Cerebral Levels of 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and Induces the Expression of Anxiety-Related Behavior in Mice. Neurochemical Research 2010; 35(-5-):749-760. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice; 2002; 1 week; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (ICR, 38-55 g); wound clips used; behavioral testing (tail suspension).

Q0431 Chiodo,K.A., Roberts,D.C.S. Decreased reinforcing effects of cocaine following 2 weeks of continuous d-amphetamine treatment in rats. Psychopharmacology 2009; 206(-3-):447-456. >>> Amphetamine, D-; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2001; 14 days; Animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 350 g).

Q0413 Der-Avakian,A., Markou,A. NEONATAL MATERNAL SEPARATION EXACERBATES THE REWARD-ENHANCING EFFECT OF ACUTE AMPHETAMINE ADMINISTRATION AND THE ANHEDONIC EFFECT OF REPEATED SOCIAL DEFEAT IN ADULT RATS. Neuroscience 2010; 170(-4-):1189-1198. >>> Amphetamine; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/saline; animal info (maternally separated, Long Evans); behavioral testing (maternal behavior).

Q0363 White,S.J., Laurenzana,E.M., Gentry,W.B., Hendrickson,H.P., Williams,D.K., Ward,K.W., Owens,S.M. Vulnerability to (+)-Methamphetamine Effects and the Relationship to Drug Disposition in Pregnant Rats during Chronic Infusion. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2009; 111(-1-):27-36. >>> Methamphetamine; amphetamine; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 180-270 g); dose-response (fig. 1); no stress (see pg.) There were no observable adverse health changes" pg 30; stress/adverse reaction (see pg. 30) "Two rats (in the 10- and 13.2-mg/kg/day groups) developed an abscess at the pump site, which appeared to be confined to the sc minipump implantation site." pg 30; "one animal chewed her skin at the pump site, exposing the osmotic pump" pg 30. "ClS corrected for the bioavailability or fraction of the drug absorbed (ClS/F) was calculated using the equation, ClS/F = infusion rate/CSS, where CSS is the steady-state drug concentration" pg 29.

Q0361 Laurenzana,E.M., Hendrickson,H.P., Carpenter,D., Peterson,E.C., Gentry,W.B., West,M., Che,Y.N., Carroll,F.I., Owens,S.M. Functional and biological determinants affecting the duration of action and efficacy of anti-(+)-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies in rats. VACCINE 2009; 27(-50-):7011-7020. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 1003D; ; Animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-280 g); 2-week ALZET pump used.

P9610 West,C.H.K., Ritchie,J.C., Boss-Williams,K.A., Weiss,J.M. Antidepressant drugs with differing pharmacological actions decrease activity of locus coeruleus neurons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 12(-5-):627-641. >>> Desipramine; mirtazapine; chlorpheniramine; Paroxetine; scopolamine; amphetamine; escitalopram; chlordiazepoxide; SC; IP; Rat; 2ML2; 14, 21 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; dose-response (Fig 2-5); pumps replaced on day 14; good methods pg 629; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 5-7 mo old, 550-700g); "Importantly, use of minipumps also eliminates the need for repeated handling and injection of animals to administer the drug chronically." pg. 628; IP catheter used.

P9397 Chiodo,K.A., Laeck,C.M., Roberts,D.C.S. Cocaine self-administration reinforced on a progressive ratio schedule decreases with continuous D-amphetamine treatment in rats. Psychopharmacology 2008; 200(-4-):465-473. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, D-; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pump replaced after 7 days; no stress (see pg. 470, 472); tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 350 g.) Behavioral testing (cocaine self-administration, food-reinforced responding); "the present dose delivered via mini-pump is not debilitating or overtly toxic." (p. 472).

P9284 Griesbach,G.S., Hovda,D.A., Gomez-Pinilla,F., Sutton,R.L. Voluntary exercise or amphetamine treatment, but not the combination, increases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synapsin I following cortical contusion injury in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 154(-2-):530-540. >>> Amphetamine sulfate; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 535); post op. care (Bupivacaine, antibiotic ointment); ischemia (cerebral); animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 285 g., CCI injury); behavioral testing (voluntary wheel exercise); "This drug administration method was chosen since our prior studies of RW exposure after TBI have left animals undistrurbed for the 1 week exercise period." (p. 530).

P8685 Davidson,C., Chen,Q., Zhang,X., Xiong,X.Y., Lazarus,C., Lee,T.H., Ellinwood,E.H. Deprenyl treatment attenuates long-term pre- and post-synaptic changes evoked by chronic methamphetamine. European Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 573(-1-3-):100-110. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; dose-response (fig. 1, p. 104); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 101) "Animals that did show self-injuries were treated with an oral antibiotic (Sulfatrim) in their drinking water and, if this was ineffective they were humanely destroyed" p. 101; good methods p. 102; half-life (p. 101) "short"; post op. care (Apo-sulfatrim); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 360-400g); "The pump was removed after 7 days... no animal had greater than 0.2 ml methamphetamine (ie 10% initial volume) remaining" (p. 102).

P7972 Zhang,X.W., Lee,T.H., Xiong,X.Y., Chen,Q., Davidson,C., Wetsel,W.C., Ellinwood,E.H. Methamphetamine induces long-term changes in GABAA receptor alpha 2 subunit and GAD67 expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006; 351(-1-):300-305. >>> Methamphetamine; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of injections vs. mp; good methods (p. 301); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 300-320 grams); behavioral study.

P7795 Peleg-Raibstein,D., Sydekum,E., Russig,H., Feldon,J. Withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration abolishes latent inhibition but leaves prepulse inhibition intact. Psychopharmacology 2006; 185(-2-):226-239. >>> Amphetamine; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or saline; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of escalating SC dose injections vs. mp; dependence; post op. care (PVP-iodine); animal info (male, wistar, 300-350 g).

P7514 West,C.H.K., Weiss,J.M. A selective test for antidepressant treatments using rats bred for stress-induced reduction of motor activity in the swim test. Psychopharmacology 2005; 182(-1-):9-23. >>> Amitriptyline HCl; venlafaxine HCl; clordiazepoxide HCl; imipramine HCl; phenelzine sulfate; scopolamine HBr; desipramine HCl; bupropion HCl; chlorpheniramine maleate; fluoxetine HCl; sertraline; amphetamine sulfate, D-; Water, sterile distilled; PEG; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 6,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by agent blood levels; dose-response (fig. 5); animal info (male, female, susceptible, selectively bred); some animals had saline-filled catheter attached to mp to delay drug infusion by 5 days; "The most notable advantage of minipump delivery is that it eliminates stress resulting from daily injection of drug....minipumps also provide constant infusion of drug" (pg. 22).

P7312 Zhou,R., Gray,N.A., Yuan,P.X., Li,X.X., Chen,J.S., Chen,G., mschroder-Williams,P., Du,J., Zhang,L., Manji,H.K. The anti-apoptotic, glucocorticoid receptor cochaperone protein BAG-1 is a long-term target for the actions of mood stabilizers. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-18-):4493-4502. >>> Amphetamine; fluvoxamine; haloperidol; Water; ethanol; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 3 weeks; Functionality of mp verified by residual volume; 50% ethanol used [not suggested by ALZET].

P7173 Davidson,C., Lee,T.H., Ellinwood,E.H. Acute and chronic continuous methamphetamine have different long-term behavioral and neurochemical consequences. NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2005; 46(-3-):189-203. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 189) 15-70 minutes in rodents; dependence; "MP treatment provides a better pharmakodynamic model for the human methamphetamine binger and may also better approximate the neuropathological outcome known in humans." (p. 200).

P7090 Armstrong,B.D., Noguchi,K.K. The neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine on serotonin, dopamine, and GABA-ergic terminals: An in-vitro autoradiographic study in rats. Neurotoxicology 2004; 25(-6-):905-914. >>> Methamphetamine hcl; Methamphetamine hcl, 3,4-methylenedioxy-; Water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; toxicology.

P6686 Semenova,S., Markou,A. Clozapine treatment attenuated somatic and affective signs of nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in subsets of rats exhibiting hyposensitivity to the initial effects of clozapine. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 54(-11-):1249-1264. >>> Nicotine tartrate; amphetamine; clozapine; HCL; saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced every 7 days for the 14 day study infusing clozapine; dependence; "in this experiment involving three pump implantations each pump was placed in a different part of the rats' body (left or right side of the back of the animal or at the shoulder area)." p. 1252; behavioral study.

P5001 Paterson,N.E., Myers,C., Markou,A. Effects of repeated withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration on brain reward function in rats. Psychopharmacology 2000; 152(--):440-446. >>> Amphetamine sulfate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 1. p. 443); dependence; 2 administration periods, 1 6-day period, 12 days of withdrawal, then another 6-day period; "Even though the duration of amphetamine withdrawal was no longer, the magnitude of the effect was greater, and the use of mini-pumps eased drug administration considerably compared to repeated experimenter-administered injections". p. 445;.

P3426 Macedoni-Luksic,M., Sket,D. Scopolamine modulates the effects of continuous amphetamine in rats. Acta Pharm. 1996; 46(--):23-30. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; Scopolamine hydrobromide; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; tolerance.

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2. Cocaine

P9733 Narayana,P.A., hobila-Vajjula,P., Ramu,J., Herrera,J., Steinberg,J.L., Moeller,F.G. Diffusion tensor imaging of cocaine-treated rodents. PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH-NEUROIMAGING 2009; 171(-3-):242-251. >>> Cocaine; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/saline; good methods pg. 243; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 250-300 g); microdialysis fiber attached to exit port to prevent development of necrotic skin.

P8233 D'Addario,C., Di Benedetto,M., Izenwasser,S., Candeletti,S., Romualdi,P. Role of serotonin in the regulation of the dynorphinergic system by a kappa-opoid agonist and cocaine treatment in rat CNS. Neuroscience 2007; 144(-1-):157-164. >>> Cocaine; Water, sterile; CSF/CNS; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-250 grams).

P8166 Di Benedetto,M., D'Addario,C., Candeletti,S., Romualdi,P. Alterations of CREB and DARPP-32 phosphorylation following cocaine and monoaminergic uptake inhibitors. Brain Research 2007; 1128(-1-):33-39. >>> Cocaine; fluoxetine; GBR12909; nisoxetine; Water, sterile; SC; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 37); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-250 grams).

P7061 King,G.R., Hillburn,C., Pinto,G., Konen,J. The effects of continuous cocaine dose, treatment, and withdrawal duration on the induction of behavioral tolerance and dopamine autoreceptor function. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2004; 78(-2-):293-300. >>> Cocaine HCL; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 3,7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response; tolerance; "mp slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to eliminate tissue necrosis from the cocaine." (pg. 294); mp primed in 37 degree Celsius water for 4 hours.

P6682 Matell,M.S., King,G.R., Meck,W.H. Differential modulation of clock speed by the administration of intermittent versus continuous cocaine. Behavioral Neuroscience 2004; 118(-1-):150-156. >>> Cocaine, hydrochloride; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of IP injections vs. SC mp; tolerance; "The cocaine pumps were slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to minimize tissue necrosis from the cocaine." p. 151; behavioral study.

P6339 Collins,S.L., Kunko,P.M., Ladenheim,B., Cadet,J.L., Carroll,F.I., Izenwasser,S. Chronic Cocaine Increases k-Opioid Receptor Density: Lack of Effect by Selective Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors. Synapse 2002; 45(--):153-158. >>> Cocaine; RTI-117; GBR 12909; Saline; DMSO; water, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 2ML2; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; brain tissue distribution; 50% DMSO used for GBR12909.

P5488 Ellinwood,E.H., Davidson,C., Yu,G.Z., King,G.R., Lee,T.H. Effect of daily dosing duration of direct and indirect dopamine receptor agonists: cocaine cross-tolerance following chronic regimens. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 12(-5-):407-415. >>> Cocaine; pramipexole; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Functionality of mp verified by measuring residual volume; pulsed delivery - drugs administered either continuously or for 16 or 20 hrs per day (p. 409); study included behavioral testing; pramipexole is a direct dopamine agonist; microdialysis fiber attached to pump via catheter to minimize tissue necrosis caused by the cocaine (p. 408); intermittent delivery made possible by disconnecting and reconnecting an externalized catheter.

P5446 Izenwasser,S., French,D. Tolerance and sensitization to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine are mediated via independent mechanisms. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 73(-4-):877-882. >>> Cocaine; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Tolerance.

P5441 King,G.R., Pinto,G., Konen,J., Hillburn,C., Tran,S., Love,W., Cayse,R., Castro,G. The effects of continuous cocaine duration on the induction of behavioral tolerance and dopamine autoreceptor function. European Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 446(-1-3-):111-118. >>> Cocaine HCl; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; "The pumps were slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to eliminate tissue necrosis from the cocaine." (p. 112).

P4882 Ellinwood,E.H., King,G.R., Davidson,C., Lee,T.H. The dopamine D-2/D-3 antagonist DS121 potentiates the effect of cocaine on locomotion and reduces tolerance in cocaine tolerant rats. Behavioural Brain Research 2000; 116(--):169-175. >>> Cocaine HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; "The pumps were modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to eliminate cocaine-induced tissue necrosis". p. 170..

P4779 Howell,L.L., Schama,K.F., Ellis,J.E., Grimley,P.J., Kitchens,A.J., Byrd,L.D. Fetal development in rhesus monkeys exposed prenatally to cocaine.. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 2001; 23(--):133-140. >>> Cocaine;; Saline;; SC;; monkey (pregnant);; 2ML4;; ~ 180 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cocaine serum levels; dose-response (table 4 p. 136); long-term study, pumps replaced every 28 days for up to 180 days (until birth); teratology;.

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3. GHB

P6690 Szabo,S.T., Gold,M.S., Goldberger,B.A., Blier,P. Effects of sustained gamma-hydroxybutyrate treatments on spontaneous and evoked firing activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons. Biological Psychiatry 2004; 55(-9-):934-939. >>> Hydroxybutyrate, gamma-; Saline; SC; Rat; 2,10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; agent is a drug of abuse, known as "liquid ecstacy" or GHB (sodium oxybate); pump model not listed.

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4. Heroin

Q0587 Kest,B., Smith,S.B., Schorscher-Petcu,A., Austin,J.S., Ritchie,J., Klein,G., Rossi,G.C., Fortin,A., Mogil,J.S. Gnao1 (G-alphao PROTEIN) IS A LIKELY GENETIC CONTRIBUTOR TO VARIATION IN PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE ON OPIOIDS IN MICE. Neuroscience 2009; 162(-4-):1255-1264. >>> Morphine; heroin; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Animal info (Naive, adult, 7-12 wks old, male, AcB/BcA).

P9748 Klein,G., Rossi,G.C., Waxman,A.R., Arout,C., Juni,A., Inturrisi,C.E., Kest,B. The contribution of MOR-1 exons 1-4 to morphine and heroin analgesia and dependence. Neuroscience Letters 2009; 457(-3-):115-119. >>> Heroin hydrochloride; morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; ; Controls received mp w/vehicle; dependence; animal info (adult, male, CD-1).

P6278 Azar,M.R., Ahmed,S.H., Lintz,R., Gutierrez,T., Stinus,L., Koob,G.F. A non-invasive gating device for continuous drug delivery that allows control over the timing and duration of spontaneous opiate withdrawal. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2004; 135(-1-2-):129-135. >>> Heroin; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 192 hours; Comparison of sc injections&pellet vs. mp; dependence; 3 day recovery period; pumps connected to a novel gating device to allow on-off delivery; assembly schematic (p. 131); infusions were delivered in 48 hour intervals; animal info (m, wistar, 300-380 grams).

P3132 Shaham,Y., Rajabi,H., Stewart,J. Relapse to heroin-seeking in rats under opioid maintenance: the effects of stress, heroin priming, and withdrawal. J.Neurosci. 1996; 16(-5-):1957-1963. >>> Heroin; SC; rat; 2002; no duration posted; controls received mp with saline or sham operation; dependence.

P0588 Schmidt,W.K., Tam,S.W., Shotzberger,G.S., Smith Jr,D.H., Clark,R., Vernier,V.G. Nalbuphine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1985; 14(--):339-362. >>> Ethylketocyclazocine; Heroin; Meperidine; Oxymorphone; Pentazocine; Propoxyphene; Bremazocine; Buprenorphine; Butorphanol; Methadone; Morphine; Nalbuphine; U-50,488H; SC; mice; 3 days; comparison of sc morphine pellets vs. mp infusion; comparison of agents effects; controls received unspecified placebo infusion.

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5. Nicotine

Q0782 Hao,J.W., Simard,A.R., Turner,G.H., Wu,J., Whiteaker,P., Lukas,R.J., Shi,F.D. Attenuation of CNS inflammatory responses by nicotine involves alpha7 and non-alpha7 nicotinic receptors. Experimental Neurology 2011; 227(-1-):110-119. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; PBS; SC; Mice; 1004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (B6 (H-2b)).

Q0882 Penton,R.E., Quick,M.W., Lester,R.A.J. Short- and Long-Lasting Consequences of In Vivo Nicotine Treatment on Hippocampal Excitability. Journal of Neuroscience 2011; 31(-7-):2584-2594. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Animal info (male, 6 wks old, Sprague Dawley, 150-225 g).

Q0342 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Bishnoi,M., van Tuijl,I.A., Keijzers,K.F.M., Yavarovich,K.R., Pasek,T.M., Ford,J., Alexander,J.C., Yamada,H. Effects of prazosin, clonidine, and propranolol on the elevations in brain reward thresholds and somatic signs associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2010; 212(-4-):485-499. >>> Nicotine; Rat; 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-300 g); withdrawal.

Q0112 de Oliveira,E., Moura,E.G., Santos-Silva,A.P., Pinheiro,C.R., Lima,N.S., Nogueira-Neto,J.F., Nunes-Freitas,A.L., breu-Villaca,Y., Passos,M.C.F., Lisboa,P.C. Neonatal nicotine exposure causes insulin and leptin resistance and inhibits hypothalamic leptin signaling in adult rat offspring. Journal of Endocrinology 2010; 206(-1-):55-63. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; functionality of mp verified by serum and milk cotinine levels; animal info (female, Wistar, lactating); endocrinology.

Q0399 Doura,M.B., Luu,T.V., Lee,N.H., Perry,D.C. PERSISTENT GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA OF ADOLESCENT BUT NOT ADULT RATS IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC NICOTINE. Neuroscience 2010; 170(-2-):503-513. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 28-30 pn, 60-70 pn); post op. care (buprenorphine); wound clips used.

Q0134 Formaggio,E., Fazzini,F., Dalfini,A.C., Di Chio,M., Cantu,C., Decimo,I., Fiorini,Z., Fumagalli,G., Chiamulera,C. NICOTINE INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR A IN BASAL FOREBRAIN CHOLINERGIC NEURONS. Neuroscience 2010; 166(-2-):580-589. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley).

Q0042 Fujimura,Y., Zoghbi,S.S., Simeon,F., Taku,A., Victor,P., Innis,R., Fujita,M. Quantification of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in human brain with 18F-PBR06. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2010; 29(--):S360-S375. >>> Nicotine; Monkey (baboon); 6 months; Long-term study; animal info (Papio anubis); functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine concentration; pumps replaced at 15 days, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months.

Q0330 Ichinose,R., Sano,H., Kishimoto,K.N., Sakamoto,N., Sato,M., Itoi,E. Alteration of the material properties of the normal supraspinatus tendon by nicotine treatment in a rat model. Acta Orthopaedica 2010; 81(-5-):634-638. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 12 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, rats, 350-400 g); long-term study; pumps replaced; every 4 weeks; stress/adverse reaction (see pg. 635) "1 rat in the L group developed skin necrosis at the site of pump insertion".

P9960 Jackson,K.J., Carroll,F.I., Negus,S.S., Damaj,M.I. Effect of the selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist JDTic on nicotine antinociception, reward, and withdrawal in the mouse. Psychopharmacology 2010; 210(-2-):285-294. >>> Nicotine; Mice; 1007D; 7, 14 days; Animal info (8-10 wks old, 20-25 g); 28-day pumps used; withdrawal.

Q0226 Natividad,L.A., Tejeda,H.A., Torres,O.V., O'Dell,L.E. Nicotine Withdrawal Produces a Decrease in Extracellular Levels of Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens that is Lower in Adolescent Versus Adult Male Rats. Synapse 2010; 64(-2-):136-145. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Animal info (male, Wistar, adult, adolescent); 9 mm wound clips used; rate of infusion listed incorrectly.

Q0179 Oliveira,E., Pinheiro,C.R., Santos-Silva,A.P., Trevenzoli,I.H., breu-Villaca,Y., Neto,J.F.N., Reis,A.M., Passos,M.C.F., Moura,E.G., Lisboa,P.C. Nicotine exposure affects mother's and pup's nutritional, biochemical, and hormonal profiles during lactation in rats. Journal of Endocrinology 2010; 205(-2-):159-170. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (female, Wistar, 3 months old, lactating); functionality of mp verified by serum cotinine levels; endocrinology.

Q0831 Santos-Silva,A.P., Moura,E.G., Pinheiro,C.R., Rios,A.S., breu-Villaca,Y., Passos,M.C.F., Oliveira,E., Lisboa,P.C. Neonatal nicotine exposure alters leptin signaling in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in the late postnatal period and adulthood in rats. LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 87(-5-6-):187-195. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (pregnant, lactating).

Q0139 Simakajornboon,N., Kuptanon,T., Jirapongsuwan,P. The effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on PDGFR-mediated anti-apoptotic mechanism in the caudal brainstem of developing rat. Neuroscience Letters 2010; 478(--):46-50. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (Sprague Dawley).

Q0032 Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J. Mimicking maternal smoking and pharmacotherapy of preterm labor: Interactions of fetal nicotine and dexamethasone on serotonin and dopamine synaptic function in adolescence and adulthood. Brain Research Bulletin 2010; 82(-1-2-):124-134. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2002; 21 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle w/ sodium bitartrate); teratology; dependence; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, agent given through PN4); incision closed with wound clips.

Q0033 Slotkin,T.A., Ryde,I.T., Seidler,F.J. Additive and synergistic effects of fetal nicotine and dexamethasone exposure on cholinergic synaptic function in adolescence and adulthood: Implications for the adverse consequences of maternal smoking and pharmacotherapy of preterm delivery. Brain Research Bulletin 2010; 81(--):552-560. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2002; 21 days; Controls received mp w/ saline (veh plus sodium bitartrate); teratology; dependence; no stress (see pg. 554); animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 232 g); incision closed with wound clips.

Q0242 Van Kampen,J.M., Eckman,C.B. Agonist-induced restoration of hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive improvement in a model of cholinergic denervation. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58(-6-):921-929. >>> Physostigmine; carbachol; nicotine; pirenzepine; oxotremorine; mecamylamine; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 2004; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (female, Sprague Dawley, 250 g.); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's Disease).

Q0478 Yamano,S., Berley,J.A., Kuo,W.P., Gallucci,G.O., Weber,H.P., Sukotjo,C. Effects of nicotine on gene expression and osseointegration in rats. CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH 2010; 21(-12-):1353-1359. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2004; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 4-6 wks old); pumps replaced after 4 weeks.

P9734 Amitai,N., Markou,A. Chronic nicotine improves cognitive performance in a test of attention but does not attenuate cognitive disruption induced by repeated phencyclidine administration. Psychopharmacology 2009; 202(-1-3-):275-286. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 14 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; animal info (male, Wistar); incorrectly stated 2ML1 as 14 day pump.

Q0462 Caille,S., Guillem,K., Cador,M., Manzoni,O., Georges,F. Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers In Vivo Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 2009; 29(-33-):10410-10415. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; Rat; 2ML2; ; Controls received mp w/saline; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 175-200 g).

P9713 Canis,M., Mack,B., Gires,O., Maurer,M.H., Kuschinsky,W., Duembgen,L., Duelli,R. Increased densities of monocarboxylate transport protein MCT1 after chronic administration of nicotine in rat brain. NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH 2009; 64(-4-):429-435. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2001; 1 week; Controls received mp w/saline; dependence; animal info (adult, Sprague Dawley, 250-350 g).

Q0807 Cannady,R., Weir,R., Wee,B., Gotschlich,E., Kolia,N., Lau,E., Brotherton,J., Levin,E.D. Nicotinic antagonist effects in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus: Regional heterogeneity of nicotinic receptor involvement in cognitive function. Biochemical Pharmacology 2009; 78(-7-):788-794. >>> Nicotine; methyllyaconitine; erythroidine, dihydro-beta-; Saline; CSF, artificial; SC; CSF/CNS (mediodorsal thalamic nucleus); Rat; 2004; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (young adult, female, Sprague Dawley); multiple pumps per animal (2); behavioral testing (radial maze); Polypro suturing used to secure the minipumps and tubing; memory.

Q0467 Coddou,C., Bravo,E., Eugenin,J. Alterations in cholinergic sensitivity of respiratory neurons induced by pre-natal nicotine: a mechanism for respiratory dysfunction in neonatal mice. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2009; 364(-1529-):2527-2535. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; SC; Mice (pregnant); 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/saline; animal info (adult, CF1, 5-7 days pregnant); teratology; "(minipumps) allow us to study the nicotine effects on brain development, mimicking the steady-state plasma levels of nicotine observed in pregnant women considered moderate smokers but without confounding hypoxia and stress-derived factors associated with multiple subcutaneous injections." pg 2533.

P9400 Coen,K.M., Adamson,K.L., Corrigall,W.A. Medication-related pharmacological manipulations of nicotine self-administration in the rat maintained on fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 2009; 201(-4-):557-568. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 10-14 days; Controls received sham device; dependence; animal info (male, Long-Evans, 300-350 g.).

Q0367 Fuller,D.D., Dougherty,B.J., Sandhu,M.S., Doperalski,N.J., Reynolds,C.R., Hayward,L.F. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters respiratory long-term facilitation in neonatal rats. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY&NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 169(-3-):333-337. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 1, 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, female); functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; post op. care (buprenorphine, carprofen); wound clips used.

P9483 Galeote,L., Berrendero,F., Bura,S.A., Zimmer,A., Maldonado,R. Prodynorphin gene disruption increases the sensitivity to nicotine self-administration in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 12(-5-):615-625. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; SC; Mice; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; dependence; animal info (male, C57BL/6, wt, prodynorphin KO) dose (~ 25 mg/kg/d).

P9862 Gold,A.B., Keller,A.B., Perry,D.C. Prenatal exposure of rats to nicotine causes persistent alterations of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Brain Research 2009; 1250(-;-):88-100. >>> Nicotine; Rat (pregnant); 2002; 2004; ; Controls received mp w/saline; animal info (adult, pregnant, female, Sprague Dawley, PN10); "Osmotic minipumps were chosen to avoid spikes of high plasma nicotine concentrations and subsequent episodic fetal hypoxia/ischemia that can be produced by nicotine injections." pg. 97.

Q0455 Gotfredsen,K., Lindh,C.H., Berglundh,T. Does Longstanding Nicotine Exposure Impair Bone Healing and Osseointegration? An Experimental Study in Rabbits. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS 2009; 91B(-2-):918-923. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Water, sterile; SC; Rabbit; 6 months; Animal info (New Zealand, white, female); long-term study; pumps replaced monthly; multiple pumps per animal (2); "the results indicate the relative safety of nicotine replacement therapy for periods up to 6 months." pg 923.

P9238 Grilli,M., Pittaluga,A., Merlo-Pich,E., Marchi,M. NMDA-mediated modulation of dopamine release is modified in rat prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens after chronic nicotine treatment. Journal of Neurochemistry 2009; 108(-2-):408-416. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; Rat; 2ML2; 14, 21, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 14 days; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 200-250 g.).

P9714 Hamilton,K.R., Berger,S.S., Perry,M.E., Grunberg,N.E. Behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal in adult male and female rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2009; 92(-1-):51-59. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7 days; Controls received mp w/saline; dependence; animal info (Sprague Dawley, male, female).

Q0761 Jackson,K.J., Walters,C.L., Miles,M.F., Martin,B.R., Damaj,M.M. Characterization of pharmacological and behavioral differences to nicotine in C57B1/6 and DBA/2 mice. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57(-4-):347-355. >>> Nicotine; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 2002; 2004; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, B6, D2, 20-25 g); wound clips used; "the nicotine dose used for chronic studies corresponds to approximately 2 mg/kg/h, which yields plasma levels of 0.1 uM, a dose within the plasma range of human smokers"; tolerance; withdrawal.

P9584 Jackson,K.J., Kota,D.H., Martin,B.R., Damaj,M.I. The role of various nicotinic receptor subunits and factors influencing nicotine conditioned place aversion. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56(-6-7-):970-974. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; 2004; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; animal info (male, 129P3/J, female C57BL6/J, 8-10 wks old, 20-25).

Q0825 Jackson,K.J., McIntosh,J.M., Brunzell,D.H., Sanjakdar,S.S., Damaj,M.I. The Role of alpha-6-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Nicotine Reward and Withdrawal. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2009; 331(-2-):547-554. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; 2004; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, C57BL/6J, 8-10 wks old); behavioral testing (tail flick, hot plate testing, locomotor activity); withdrawal.

P9740 Jackson,K.J., Damaj,M.I. L-Type Calcium Channels and Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II Differentially Mediate Behaviors Associated with Nicotine Withdrawal in Mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2009; 330(-1-):152-161. >>> Nicotine; Saline; Mice; 2002; 2004; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, C57BL/6J).

P9558 Kamendi,H.W., Cheng,Q., Dergacheva,O., Gorini,C., Jameson,H.S., Wang,X., McIntosh,J.M., Mendelowitz,D. Abolishment of Serotonergic Neurotransmission to Cardiac Vagal Neurons During and After Hypoxia and Hypercapnia With Prenatal Nicotine Exposure. Journal of Neurophysiology 2009; 101(-3-):1141-1150. >>> Nicotine; Rat; 28 days; Teratology; post op. care (buprenorphine) animal info (adult, female).

Q0369 Kwilasz,A.J., Harris,L.S., Vann,R.E. Removal of continuous nicotine infusion produces somatic but not behavioral signs of withdrawal in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2009; 94(-1-):114-118. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile, physiological; SC; Mice; 1002; 12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, adult ICR, 25-30 g); withdrawal.

P9649 Levin,E.D., Perkins,A., Brotherton,T., Qazi,M., Berez,C., Montalvo-Ortiz,J., Davis,K., Williams,P., Christopher,N.C. Chronic underactivity of medial frontal cortical beta2-containing nicotinic receptors increases clozapine-induced working memory impairment in female rats. PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY&BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2009; 33(-2-):296-302. >>> Nicotine; methllycaconitine; erithrodine, dihydro-beta; Saline; CSF, artificial; SC; CSF/CNS (medial frontal cortex); Rat; 2004; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/vehicle; animal info (adult female, SD); multiple pumps per animal (2); bilateral infusion; behavioral testing (radial-Arm-maze).

P9749 Mao,C.P., Wu,J.W., Xiao,D.L., Lv,J.X., Ding,Y., Xu,Z., Zhang,L.B. The effect of fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure on renal development of AT1 and AT2 receptors. REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2009; 27(-2-):149-154. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; teratology; animal info (Sprague Dawley, female, 350 g); toxicology.

P9595 Marcinkiewcz,C.A., Prado,M.M., Isaac,S.K., Marshall,A., Rylkova,D., Bruijnzeel,A.W. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Within the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala and the Nucleus Accumbens Shell Mediates the Negative Affective State of Nicotine Withdrawal in Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34(-7-):1743-1752. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-300).

Q0646 Nizri,E., Irony-Tur-Sinai,M., Lory,O., Orr-Urtreger,A., Lavi,E., Brenner,T. Activation of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory System by Nicotine Attenuates Neuroinflammation via Suppression of Th1 and Th17 Responses. Journal of Immunology 2009; 183(-10-):6681-6688. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 28 days; Controls received sham operation; animal info (8 wks old, female, C57BL/6).

Q0635 Oliveira,E., Moura,E.G., Santos-Silva,A.P., Fagundes,A.T.S., Rios,A.S., breu-Villaca,Y., Neto,J.F.N., Passos,M.C.F., Lisboa,P.C. Short- and long-term effects of maternal nicotine exposure during lactation on body adiposity, lipid profile, and thyroid function of rat offspring. Journal of Endocrinology 2009; 202(-3-):397-405. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (Wistar, lactating); "6 mg/kg of NIC per day... produces plasma NIC levels similar to those in typical smokers - ~25 ng/ml".

R0273 Penton,R.E., Lester,R.A.J. Cellular events in nicotine addiction. SEMINARS IN CELL&DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 20(-4-):418-431. >>> Nicotine; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Animal info (adult, male, 180-200 g, 250-300 g, 150-250 g).

Q0366 Pilarski,J.Q., Fregosi,R.F. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters medullary nicotinic and AMPA-mediated control of respiratory frequency in vitro. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY&NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 169(-1-):1-10. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ physiological saline; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, male, female).

P9831 Portugal,G.S., Gould,T.J. Nicotine withdrawal disrupts new contextual learning. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2009; 92(-1-):117-123. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 12 days; Animal info (C57BL/6J, 8-12 wks old); withdrawal.

P9361 Raybuck,J.D., Gould,T.J. Nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in trace fear conditioning in C57BL / 6 mice - a role for high-affinity beta-2 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. European Journal of Neuroscience 2009; 29(-2-):377-387. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Mice; 1002; 14 days; Animal info (male, C57BL/6, 8-12 wks old); behavioral testing (trace fear conditioning); withdrawal; dose (6.3 mg/kg/day).

P9710 Reti,I.M., Han,S., Miskimon,M., Rosen,J.B., Baraban,J.M. Nicotine and Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Withdrawal Induce Narp in the, Central Nucleus of the Amygdala. Synapse 2009; 63(-3-):252-255. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/saline or made nicotine dependent on day 7; dependence; animal info (male, 175-250 g).

P9715 Roiko,S.A., Harris,A.C., LeSage,M.G., Keyler,D.E., Pentel,P.R. Passive immunization with a nicotine-specific monoclonal antibody decreases brain nicotine levels but does not precipitate withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2009; 93(-2-):105-111. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; ; Animal Info (male, Holtzman, Sprague Dawley, 300-325 g).

P9646 Sakoori,K., Murphy,N.P. Enhanced nicotine sensitivity in nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56(-5-):896-904. >>> Nicotine; NaCl; SC; Mice; 14 days; Animal info (3-5 mo, NOP receptor KO).

P9514 Salas,R., Sturm,R., Boulter,J., De Biasi,M. Nicotinic Receptors in the Habenulo-Interpeduncular System Are Necessary for Nicotine Withdrawal in Mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2009; 29(-10-):3014-3018. >>> Nicotine; SC; Mice; 1004; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (C57BL/6, alpha2, alpha5); dose (24 mg/kg/day).

P9641 Shi,F.D., Piao,W.F., Kuo,Y.P., Campagnolo,D.I., Vollmer,T.L., Lukas,R.J. Nicotinic Attenuation of Central Nervous System Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Journal of Immunology 2009; 183(-3-):1730-1739. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; PBS; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; animal info (B6 (H-2b), female, 7-8 wks old).

P9631 Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J. Nicotine Exposure in Adolescence Alters the Response of Serotonin Systems to Nicotine Administered Subsequently in Adulthood. Developmental Neuroscience 2009; 31(-1-2-):58-70. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1002; 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle, dependence; animal info (PD30, PD90).

P9647 Tan,H.B., Bishop,S.F., Lauzon,N.M., Sun,N.L., Laviolette,S.R. Chronic nicotine exposure switches the functional role of mesolimbic dopamine transmission in the processing of nicotine's rewarding and aversive effects. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56(-4-):741-751. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 7-14 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, SD, 300-350g).

P9601 Trigo,J.M., Zimmer,A., Maldonado,R. Nicotine anxiogenic and rewarding effects are decreased in mice lacking beta-endorphin. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56(-8-):1147-1153. >>> Nicotine; SC; Mice; 2001; ; Controls received mp w/saline; dependence; animal info (8-12 wks old, lacking beta endorphin).

P9363 Uchida,S., Hotta,H., Kawashima,K. Long-term nicotine treatment reduces cerebral cortical vasodilation mediated by alpha-4-beta-2-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2009; 609(-1-3-):100-104. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (adult, male, Wistar, 4-7 months old, 285-425 g.); dose (4.6-5.9 mg/200 ul; 12-18 mg/200 ul).

Q0710 Urrego,F., Scuri,M., Auais,A., Mohtasham,L., Piedimonte,G. Combined Effects of Chronic Nicotine and Acute Virus Exposure on Neurotrophin Expression in Rat Lung. PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY 2009; 44(-11-):1075-1084. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; NaCl; SC; Rat; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (Fischer 344).

Q0643 Williams,S.K., Cox,E.T., McMurray,M.S., Fay,E.E., Jarrett,T.M., Walker,C.H., Overstreet,D.H., Johns,J.M. Simultaneous prenatal ethanol and nicotine exposure affect ethanol consumption, ethanol preference and oxytocin receptor binding in adolescent and adult rats. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2009; 31(-5-):291-302. >>> Nicotine; Water, bacteriostatic; sodium bitartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28-30 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (virgin, Sprague-Dawley); teratology; wound clips used.

Q0278 Wing,V.C., Cagniard,B., Murphy,N.P., Shoaib,M. Measurement of affective state during chronic nicotine treatment and withdrawal by affective taste reactivity in mice: The role of endocannabinoids. Biochemical Pharmacology 2009; 78(-7-):825-835. >>> Nicotine; NaCl; SC; Mice; 1002; 1004; 1, 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male C57BL6J, 8 wks old); wound clips used; withdrawal.

Q0704 Xiao,C., Nashmi,R., McKinney,S., Cai,H.J., McIntosh,J.M., Lester,H.A. Chronic Nicotine Selectively Enhances alpha 4 beta 2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Nigrostriatal Dopamine Pathway. Journal of Neuroscience 2009; 29(-40-):12428-12439. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; 10-14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (4-11 wks old); "This method provides consistent nicotine dosage and effectively induces cellular, molecular, and systemic changes related to tobacco use... but limits the influence of stress from repeated nicotine injection." pg 12429.

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6. Pentobarbital

P5450 Kim,Y., Oh,S. Changes of the level of G protein alpha-subunit mRNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from pentobarbital in rats. Neurochemical Research 2002; 27(-6-):527-533. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; one week recovery period after cannula placement.

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7. Phencyclidine

P7825 Pitas,G., Laurenzana,E.M., Williams,D.K., Owens,S.M., Gentry,W.B. Anti-phencyclidine monoclonal antibody binding capacity is not the only determinant of effectiveness, disproving the concept that antibody capacity is easily surmounted. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2006; 34(-6-):906-912. >>> Phencyclidine HCL; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 4 days; Functionality of mp verified by serum PCP concentrations; half-life (pg. 907) 3.9 hours in rats; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 270-300g.).

P6979 Sams-Dodd,F. (+) MK-801 and phencyclidine induced neurotoxicity do not cause enduring behaviours resembling the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in the rat. BASIC&CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY&TOXICOLOGY 2004; 95(-5-):241-246. >>> MK-801; phencyclidine hydrochloride; Sodium chloride; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; post op. care (wound plast); NMDA antagonists.

P6200 Balla,A., Sershen,H., Serra,M., Koneru,R., Javitt,D.C. Subchronic continuous phencyclidine administration potentiates amphetamine-induced frontal cortex dopamine release. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28(-1-):34-44. >>> Phencyclidine, HCL; Saline, sterile physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 3-14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum PCP levels.

P5913 Laurenzana,E.M., Gunnell,M.G., Gentry,W.B., Owens,S.M. Treatment of adverse effects of excessive phencyclidine exposure in rats with a minimal dose of monoclonal antibody. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 306(-3-):1092-1098. >>> Phencyclidine; phencyclidine HCL;; Saline; sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; serum levels taken; good methods p. 1093; half-life (p. 1093) =3.9 h in rats; dependence; behavioral study.

P5180 Balla,A., Hashim,A., Burch,S., Javitt,D.C., Lajtha,A., Sershen,H. Phencyclidine-induced dysregulation of dopamine response to amphetamine in prefrontal cortex and striatum. Neurochem.Res 2001/9; 26(-8-9-):1001-1006. >>> Phencyclidine HCl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality verified by PCP serum levels; NMDA antagonist.

P5135 Jebelli,A.K., Doan,N., Ellison,G. Prenatal phencyclidine induces heightened neurodegeneration in rats in some brain regions, especially during 2nd trimester, but possible anti-apoptotic effects in others. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2002/1; 90(--):20-25. >>> Phencyclidine; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML1; 5 days; controls received a saline pellet as a "sham minipump"; teratology.

P4936 Balla,A., Koneru,R., Smiley,J., Sershen,H., Javitt,D.C. Continuous phencyclidine treatment induces schizophrenia-like hyperreactivity of striatal dopamine release. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25(-2-):157-164. >>> Phencyclidine HCl; Saline, sterile; SC; rat; 2ML4; 2-3 weeks; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum PCP levels; dose response (graphs p. 160); schizophrenia.

P4816 Kyosseva,S.V., Owens,S., Elbein,A.D., Karson,C.N. Differential and region-specific activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases following chronic administration of phencyclidine in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 24(--):267-277. >>> Phencyclidine HCl;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2ML2;; 3, 10, or 20 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response p. 270-271;.

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