References on the Administration of Amphetamines Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

P8685 Davidson,C., Chen,Q., Zhang,X., Xiong,X.Y., Lazarus,C., Lee,T.H., Ellinwood,E.H. Deprenyl treatment attenuates long-term pre- and post-synaptic changes evoked by chronic methamphetamine. European Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 573(-1-3-):100-110. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; dose-response (fig. 1, p. 104); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 101) "Animals that did show self-injuries were treated with an oral antibiotic (Sulfatrim) in their drinking water and, if this was ineffective they were humanely destroyed" p. 101; good methods p. 102; half-life (p. 101) "short"; post op. care (Apo-sulfatrim); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 360-400g); "The pump was removed after 7 days... no animal had greater than 0.2 ml methamphetamine (ie 10% initial volume) remaining" (p. 102).

P7972 Zhang,X.W., Lee,T.H., Xiong,X.Y., Chen,Q., Davidson,C., Wetsel,W.C., Ellinwood,E.H. Methamphetamine induces long-term changes in GABAA receptor alpha 2 subunit and GAD67 expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006; 351(-1-):300-305. >>> Methamphetamine; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of injections vs. mp; good methods (p. 301); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 300-320 grams); behavioral study.

P7795 Peleg-Raibstein,D., Sydekum,E., Russig,H., Feldon,J. Withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration abolishes latent inhibition but leaves prepulse inhibition intact. Psychopharmacology 2006; 185(-2-):226-239. >>> Amphetamine; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or saline; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of escalating SC dose injections vs. mp; dependence; post op. care (PVP-iodine); animal info (male, wistar, 300-350 g).

P7514 West,C.H.K., Weiss,J.M. A selective test for antidepressant treatments using rats bred for stress-induced reduction of motor activity in the swim test. Psychopharmacology 2005; 182(-1-):9-23. >>> Amitriptyline HCl; venlafaxine HCl; clordiazepoxide HCl; imipramine HCl; phenelzine sulfate; scopolamine HBr; desipramine HCl; bupropion HCl; chlorpheniramine maleate; fluoxetine HCl; sertraline; amphetamine sulfate, D-; Water, sterile distilled; PEG; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 6,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by agent blood levels; dose-response (fig. 5); animal info (male, female, susceptible, selectively bred); some animals had saline-filled catheter attached to mp to delay drug infusion by 5 days; "The most notable advantage of minipump delivery is that it eliminates stress resulting from daily injection of drug....minipumps also provide constant infusion of drug" (pg. 22).

P7312 Zhou,R., Gray,N.A., Yuan,P.X., Li,X.X., Chen,J.S., Chen,G., mschroder-Williams,P., Du,J., Zhang,L., Manji,H.K. The anti-apoptotic, glucocorticoid receptor cochaperone protein BAG-1 is a long-term target for the actions of mood stabilizers. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-18-):4493-4502. >>> Amphetamine; fluvoxamine; haloperidol; Water; ethanol; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 3 weeks; Functionality of mp verified by residual volume; 50% ethanol used [not suggested by ALZET].

P7173 Davidson,C., Lee,T.H., Ellinwood,E.H. Acute and chronic continuous methamphetamine have different long-term behavioral and neurochemical consequences. NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2005; 46(-3-):189-203. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 189) 15-70 minutes in rodents; dependence; "MP treatment provides a better pharmakodynamic model for the human methamphetamine binger and may also better approximate the neuropathological outcome known in humans." (p. 200).

P7090 Armstrong,B.D., Noguchi,K.K. The neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine on serotonin, dopamine, and GABA-ergic terminals: An in-vitro autoradiographic study in rats. Neurotoxicology 2004; 25(-6-):905-914. >>> Methamphetamine hcl; Methamphetamine hcl, 3,4-methylenedioxy-; Water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; toxicology.

R0216 Kita,T., Wagner,G.C., Nakashima,T. Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: Animal model of monoamine disruption. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2003; 92(-3-):178-195. >>> Amphetamine; SC; Mice; 1 week; Toxicology; ALZET pumps mentioned on pg. 181, ref. 36; "These pumps have a continuous uniform rate assuring a constant drug concentration." (p. 181).

P6686 Semenova,S., Markou,A. Clozapine treatment attenuated somatic and affective signs of nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in subsets of rats exhibiting hyposensitivity to the initial effects of clozapine. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 54(-11-):1249-1264. >>> Nicotine tartrate; amphetamine; clozapine; HCL; saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced every 7 days for the 14 day study infusing clozapine; dependence; "in this experiment involving three pump implantations each pump was placed in a different part of the rats' body (left or right side of the back of the animal or at the shoulder area)." p. 1252; behavioral study.

P5001 Paterson,N.E., Myers,C., Markou,A. Effects of repeated withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration on brain reward function in rats. Psychopharmacology 2000; 152(--):440-446. >>> Amphetamine sulfate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 1. p. 443); dependence; 2 administration periods, 1 6-day period, 12 days of withdrawal, then another 6-day period; "Even though the duration of amphetamine withdrawal was no longer, the magnitude of the effect was greater, and the use of mini-pumps eased drug administration considerably compared to repeated experimenter-administered injections". p. 445;.

P3426 Macedoni-Luksic,M., Sket,D. Scopolamine modulates the effects of continuous amphetamine in rats. Acta Pharm. 1996; 46(--):23-30. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; Scopolamine hydrobromide; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; tolerance.

P2346 Lee,T.H., Ellinwood Jr,E.H., Zhang,H. In vitro extracellular recording from nigral dopamine neurons following continuous d-amphetamine infusion. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1993; 232(--):125-129. >>> Amphetamine sulfate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; dependence.

P2463 Martin-Iverson,M.T., Lodge,B.A. Effects of chronic treatment of rats with "designer" amphetamines on brain regional monamines. Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol. 1991; 69(--):1825-1832. >>> Amphetamine; Amphetamine, 4-methoxy-; Amphetamine, 4-ethoxy-; Propylene glycol; SC; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp w/ Propylene glycol; dose-response (graph, p. 1830); toxicology.

P2146 Lillrank,S.M., Oja,S.S., Saransaari,P. Animal models of amphetamine psychosis: neurotransmitter release from rat brain slices. Int.J.Neurol. 1991; 60(--):1-15. >>> Amphetamine sulfate; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; brain tissue distribution; tolerance; half-life (45-60 min, p.10).

P1542 Lee,T.H., Ellinwood,E.H. Time-dependent changes in the sensitivity of dopamine neurons to low doses of apomorphine following amphetamine infusion. Brain Research 1989; 483(--):17-29. >>> Amphetamine, d-; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received plastic pellets; multiple pumps per animal (2) (2001); comparison of IP injections vs. mp infusion.

P1547 Ryan,L.J., Martone,M.E., Linder,J.C., Groves,P.M. Continuous amphetamine administration induces tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive patches in the adult rat neostriatum. Brain Research 1988; 21(--):133-137. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; Cocaine HCl; Saline; IV (jugular); SC; rat; 2ML1; 3, 30 days; controls received silastic plug implant.

P1345 Tanaka,M., Morimasa,T., Kaneyuki,T., Shohmori,T. Dopaminergic activity and met-enkephaline levels in the rat striatum after continuous treatment with various dopaminergic agents. Neuroscience 1988; 14(--):114-116. >>> Apomorphine; Haloperidol; Methamphetamine; SC; rat; 2 weeks; japanese with english abstract.

P1158 Honma,K.-I., Honma,S., Hiroshige,T. Activity rhythms in the circadian domain appear in suprachiasmatic nuclei lesioned rats given methamphetamine. Physiol.Behav. 1987; 40(-6-):767-774. >>> Methamphetamine; SC; rat; 2002; 21 days; controls received sham operation; rats received bilateral lesions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN); comparison of methamphetamine in drinking water vs. mp infusion; functionality of mp verified.

P1080 Gately,P.F., Segal,D.S., Geyer,M.A. Sequential changes in behavior induced by continuous infusions of amphetamine in rats. Psychopharmacology 1987; 91(--):217-220. >>> Amphetamine; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 9 days; controls received mp w/saline.

P1203 Robertson,H.A. Cerebral decortication reverses the effect of amphetamine on striatal D2 dopamine binding site density. Neurosci.Lett. 1986; 72(-3-):325-329. >>> Amphetamine, d-; Propylene glycol; SC; rat; 2002; 16 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; rats were hemidecorticated.

P1201 Kraeuchi,K., Wirz-Justice,A., Feer,H. Peripheral mechanisms are involved in the appearance of disturbed circadian rhythmicity and tolerance after chronic methamphetamine. Ann.Rev.Chronopharmacol. 1986; 3(--):21-24. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/ saline; some animals given ascorbic acid and/or MA in drinking water; comparison of MA in drinking water vs. mp infusion.

P1200 Kashihara,K., Sato,M., Kazahaya,Y., Otsuki,S. Behavioral hypersensitivity to apomorphine after chronic methamphetamine-intermittent vs. continuous regimen. Jpn.J.Psychiatry Neurol. 1986; 40(-1-):81-84. >>> Methamphetamine; SC; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; controls received cutaneous incision on the back-no mp or drugs; apomorphine challenge 7 days after mp removal; comparison of intermittent therapy vs. mp infusion.

P1170 Fuller,R.W. Toxic effects of psychomotor stimulants. Psychopharmacol.Bull. 1985; 21(-3-):528-532. >>> Amphetamine; mice; rat; no duration posted; References the mp for continuous infusion of amphetamine in rats or mice.

P0908 Frey,P. Changes in cholecystokinin content in rat brain after subchronic treatment with neuroleptics. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1985; 448(--):601-603. >>> Flupenthixol, cis-; Flupenthixol, trans-; Amitriptyline; Amphetamine; Atropine; Chlorpromazine; Clozapine; Fluphenazine; Haloperidol; Morphine; Prazosin; SC; rat; 2 weeks; mp model not stated; comparison of sc injections vs. mp infusion; antihypertensive.

P0735 Vogel,W.H., Miller,J., Waxman,H., Gottheil,E. Biochemical and behavioral changes in rats during and after chronic d-amphetamine exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1985; 15(-3-):245-253. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; PEG; SC; rat; 2002; 12 days; controls received mps w/ polyethylene glycol.

P0529 Ricaurte,G.A., Seiden,L.S., Schuster,C.R. Further evidence that amphetamines produce long-lasting dopamine neurochemical deficits by destroying dopamine nerve fibers. Brain Research 1984; 303(-2-):359-364. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; Methamphetamine HCl, d-; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; .5-12 days; comparison of agents effects; control rats did not receive mp due to expense; peptides.

P0470 Kokkinidis,L. Effects of chronic intermittent and continuous amphetamine administration on acoustic startle. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1984; 20(-3-):367-371. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; Saline; SC; mice; 2001; 1 week; imtermittent sc injec twice daily vs. mp infusion; measured amount of residual amp. in pumps at end of exp.

P0418 Steranka,L.R. Long-term effects of a priming dose and short-term infusion of amphetamine on striatal dopamine neurons in rats. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1983; 96(--):159-163. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; Water; SC; rat; 2ML1; .5-24 hours; pump primed overnight in saline at 37C; each pump used to treat several rats; control rats were implanted w/ used pump.

P0407 Eison,M.S., Eison,A.S., Iversen,S.D. Two routes of continuous amphetamine administration induce different behavioral and neurochemical effects in the rat. Neurosci.Lett. 1983; 39(--):313-319. >>> Amphetamine, d-; PEG; SC; rat; 2001; 2 and 5 days; comparison of sc silicone tube implant vs. mp infusion; comparison of behavioral&neurochem. changes caused by Amph. in different deliv. sys. w/ different release characteristics.

P0374 Nielsen,E.B., Nielsen,M., Braestrup,C. Reduction of 3H-spiroperidol binding in rat striatum and frontal cortex by chronic amphetamine: dose response, time course and role of sustained dopamine release. Psychopharmacology 1983; 81(--):81-85. >>> Amphetamine, d-; PEG 300; SC; rat; 2001; 5, 9, and 14 days; pumps replaced after 1 week; up to multiple pumps per animal (3).

P0373 Ellinwood Jr,E.H., Lee,T.H. Effect of continuous systemic infusion of d-amphetamine on the sensitivity of nigral dopamine cells to apomorphine inhibition of firing rates. Brain Research 1983; 273(--):379-383. >>> Amphetamine, d-; Saline; SC; rat; no duration posted; 2 pumps/animal.

P0341 Orzi,F., Dow-Edwards,D., Jehle,J., Kennedy,C., Sokoloff,L. Comparative effects of acute and chronic administration of amphetamine on local cerebral glucose utilization in the conscious rat. J.Cereb.Blood Flow Metab. 1983; 3(-2-):154-160. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 1 or 2 weeks; comparison of routes of admin; 2 pumps (2001 or 2002)/animal.

P0244 Jonsson,G., Nwanze,E. Selective (+)-amphetamine neurotoxicity on striatal dopamine nerve terminals in the mouse. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1982; 77(--):335-345. >>> Amphetamine; Saline; SC; mice; 2-7 days; no comment posted.

P0191 Nwanze,E., Jonsson,G. Amphetamine neurotoxicity on dopamine nerve terminals in the caudate nucleus of mice. Neurosci.Lett. 1981; 26(--):163-168. >>> Amphetamine sulfate, d-; Saline; SC; mice; 7 days; no comment posted.

P0164 Nielsen,E.B. Rapid decline of stereotyped behavior in rats during constant one week administration of amphetamine via implanted ALZET osmotic minipumps. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1981; 15(-2-):161-165. >>> Amphetamine; PEG 300; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; no comment posted.

P0144 Dougherty Jr,G.G., Ellinwood Jr,E.H. Amphetamine behavioral toxicity: rotational behavior after chronic intrastriatal infusion. Biol.Psychiatry 1981; 16(-5-):479-488. >>> Trifluoperazine; Amphetamine sulfate, d-; Saline; CSF/CNS (corpus striatum); rat; 7 days; caudate putamen.

P0079 Steranka,L.R., Sanders-Bush,E. Long-term effects of continuous exposure to amphetamine on brain dopamine concentration and synaptosomal uptake in mice. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1980; 65(-4-):439-443. >>> Amphetamine; Chloroamphetamine, p-; Water; SC; mice; 3 and 6 days; no comment posted.

P0018 Steranka,L.R., Sanders-Bush,E. Long-term effects of continuous exposure to p-chloroamphetamine on central serotogenic mechanisms in mice. Biochem.Pharmacol. 1978; 27(-16-):2033-2037. >>> Chloroamphetamine, p-; Saline; SC; Mice; 1701; 3 days; Half-life (p. 2035).