References on the Administration of Barbiturates Using ALZET® Osmotic Pumps
1. Pentobarbital
P5450 Kim,Y., Oh,S. Changes of the level of G protein alpha-subunit mRNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from pentobarbital in rats. Neurochemical Research 2002; 27(-6-):527-533. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; one week recovery period after cannula placement.
P4317 Jang,C.-G., Oh,S., Zho,H., Ho,I.K. Autoradiography of [3H] glutamate binding during pentobarbital tolerance and withdrawal in the rat. Brain Research Bulletin 1999; 48(-1-):99-102. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2ML1; 6 days; Controls received mp with vehicle; tolerance; dependence; animals allowed one week recovery after cannula placement.
P4188 Jang,C.-G., Oh,S., Ho,I.K. Changes in NMDAR2 subunit mRNA levels during pentobarbital tolerance/withdrawal in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. Neurochem.Res. 1998; 23(-11-):1371-1377. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance.
P4177 Oh,S., Wellman,S.E., Ho,I.K. Changes in (3H)forskolin binding to adenylate cyclase and (3H)phorbol dibutyrate binding to protein kinase c in pentobarbital tolerant/dependent rats. Neurochem.Res. 1998; 23(-4-):463-467. >>> Pentobarbital; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; guide cannula implanted; rats were allowed 1 week recovery before implantation of pump; tolerance; dependence.
P3852 Oh,S., Hoshi,K., Ho,I.K. Role of NMDA receptors in pentobarbital tolerance/dependence. Neurochem.Res. 1997; 22(-7-):767-774. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance; dependence.
P3422 Ito,T., Suzuki,T., Wellman,S.E., Ho,I.K. Chronic pentobarbital administration alters g-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor a(6)-subunit mRNA levels and diazepam-insensitive [3H]Ro15-4513 binding. Synapse 1996; 22(--):106-113. >>> Pentobarbital; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; tolerance; dependence.
P3421 Suzuki,T., Ito,T., Wellman,S.E., Ho,I.K. An autoradiographic study of [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites in the brain of rat made tolerant to and dependent on pentobarbital. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 295(--):169-179. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received vehicle infusion; tolerance; dependence; recipe for equithesin anesthesia provided on p. 170.
P3351 Suzuki,T., Ito,T., Wellman,S.E., Ho,I.K. Changes in [3H] Flunitrazepam binding in the brain of rats made tolerant to and dependent upon pentobarbital. Life Sci. 1995; 57(-5-):L-69. >>> Pentobarbital; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance; dependence; animals allowed 1 week recovery after cannula placement.
P3173 Miyaoka,T., Kimura,T., Saunders,P.A., Tseng,Y.T., Ho,I.K. Binding characteristics of [3H]flunitrazepam in pentobarbital-withdrawal rats. Neurochem.Res. 1994; 19(-1-):37-42. >>> Pentobarbital; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp with saline; animals allowed 1 week recovery after cannula placement.
P3112 Tseng,Y.T., Wellman,S.E., Ho,I.K. In situ hybridization evidence of differential modulation by pentobarbital of GABAA receptor a1- and B3-subunit mRNAs. J.Neurochem. 1994; 63(--):301-309. >>> Pentobarbital; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; tolerance.
P3675 Kimura,T., Miyaoka,T., Saunders,P.A., Baker,M.L., Hume,A.S., Yamamoto,I., Ho,I.K. Induction of tolerance to and physical dependence on pentobarbital continuous intracerebroventricular administration. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 266(-3-):1300-1305. >>> Pentobarbital, sodium; Saline, normal; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/ filtered, normal saline; tolerance; dependence; good illustration of pump placement (p. 1301).
P3113 Tseng,Y.T., Miyaoka,T., Ho,I.K. Region-specific changes of GABAA receptors by tolerance to and dependence upon pentobarbital. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1993; 236(--):23-30. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6,7 days; controls received mp with saline; tolerance; dependence; animals allowed 1 week recovery after cannula placement; brain and serum samples taken at 0, 2, 4, 7 days during infusion&6, 24, 48 hrs. after withdrawal.
P3111 Tseng,Y.T., Wellman,S.E., Ho,I.K. Differential effects on GABAA receptor y2-subunit messenger RNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from pentobarbital -- an in situ hybridization study. Life Sci. 1993; 53(--):L321-L326. >>> Pentobarbital; CSF/CNS; rat; no duration posted; tolerance.
P2338 Toshiyuki,K., Miyaoka,T., Saunders,P.A., Baker,M.L., Hume,A.S., Yamamoto,I., Ho,I.K. Induction of tolerance to and physical dependence on phentobarbital continuous intracerebroventricular administration. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 266(-3-):1300-1305. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; tolerance; dependence.
2. Phenobarbital
R0242 Loescher,W. The pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in rats: Consequences for maintaining effective drug levels during prolonged drug administration in rat models of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2007; 48(-7-):1245-1258. >>> Levetiracetam; phenobarbital; phenytoin; valproic acid; vigabatrin; Water, distilled; PEG 300; glycerol; PEG 400; propylene glycol; SC; IP; Rat; mice; gerbils; 2ML1; 2ML2; 1-4,2 weeks; 7 days; Comparison of IV, IP injections vs. food or water delivery vs mp; pumps replaced (every week in one set of experiments); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 1255); peritoneal irritation, peritonitis in some of the IP experiments); half-life (p. 1247) table 1 (18 compounds); animal info (epileptic, Sprague-Dawley, Wistar); review; see p. 1254-1255; see table 4 for advantages + disadvantages of different applicatoin routes.
P0494 Hock,F.J., Beyhl,F.E. A novel method for the administration of the enzyme inducer phenobarbital to rats via an osmotic minipump. IRSC Med.Sci.: Biochem. 1984; 12(-8-):661-. >>> Phenobarbital; SC; rat; 2002; 8 days; Comparison of phenobarb. consumed po in drinking water vs. mp infusion; author states advantages of mp use.
P0447 Davis,T.P., Schoemaker,H., Culling,A.J. Centrally acting drugs alter in vitro B-endorphin processing in the rat. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1984; 100(--):249-251. >>> Chlorpromazine; haloperidol; phenobarbital; promethazine; SC; Rat; 2001; 8 days; Comparison of agents effects.
P0401 Kuhnz,W., Zierer,R., Nau,H. A new method for kinetic studies of drug interactions in experimental animals during steady state: controlled-rate application of valproic acid, phenobarbital and their combinations via implanted osmotic minipumps in the mouse. Arzneimittelforschung 1983; 33(-11-):1579-1582. >>> Phenobarbital, sodium; Valproate, sodium; Water; SC; mice (pregnant); 2001; 2002; 1 and 2 weeks; no stress see p. 1580, 1582; 1-2 pumps/animal; VPA and PB used singly and in combination in mp.
P0311 Kapetanovic,I.M., Sweeney,D.J., Rapoport,S.I. Phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in rat as a function of age. Drug Metab.Disp. 1982; 10(-6-):586-589. >>> Phenobarbital; Water; IP; rat; 5 days; bolus injec. vs. mp infusion.
P0036 Tabakoff,B., Ritzmann,R.F., Oltmans,G.A. The effect of selective lesions of brain noradrenergic systems on the development of barbiturate tolerance in rats. Brain Research 1979; 176(--):327-336. >>> Phenobarbital, sodium; Propylene glycol; Water; CSF/CNS; rat; 3 days; some groups given 6-OHDA or vehicle of ascorbic acid in Artificial CSF prior to infusion.
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“We switched to a 21-day minipumps paradigm using a dose that mimics serum antidepressant concentrations in humans because this regimen resulted in a more consistent and robust decrease in serotonin transporter levels in rats than what is observed with daily injections of serotonin reuptake inhibitors.” Weinshenker et al. 2002 Brain Research 946:239-246.