References on the Administration of Metals Using ALZET® Osmotic Pumps
1. Arsenate
P1078 Hanlon,D.P., Ferm,V.H. The concentration and chemical status of arsenic in the early placentas of arsenate-dosed hamsters. Environ.Res. 1987; 42(--):546-552. >>> Arsenate, sodium; Radio-isotopes; Arsenic-74 tracer; Water; Radio-isotopes; hamster (pregnant); 2001; 8 days; functionality of mp verified by radioassay; teratology.
P0899 Hanlon,D.P., Ferm,V.H. Concentration and chemical status of arsenic in the blood of pregnant hamsters during critical embryogenesis. Environ.Res. 1986; 40(--):372-379. >>> Arsenate, sodium; SC; hamster; 2001; 24, 48, 72, 168 hours; teratology; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by radio assay.
P0673 Ferm,V.H., Hanlon,D.P. Constant rate exposure of pregnant hamsters to arsenate during early gestation. Environ.Res. 1985; 37(-2-):425-432. >>> Arsenate, sodium; Water; SC; hamster (pregnant); 2001; 6-9 days; teratogenicity; pumps primed in saline 4 hr prior to implant; dose-response data, 4 doses tested; advantage of mp model p.431.
2. Cadmium
P9987 Pedersen,H.C., Loraas,A., Andersen,R.A., Jenssen,B.M. Behavioural effects of cadmium (Cd) in free-living willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2010; 56(-2-):141-150. >>> Cadmium chloride; SC; Bird (hen); 2002; 23 days; Controls received mp w/ physiological saline; pumps replaced after 13 days; animal info (willow, ptarmigan, adult, juvenile).
P6661 Piasek,M., Laskey,J.W., Kostial,K., Blanusa,M. Assessment of steroid disruption using cultures of whole ovary and/or placenta in rat and in human placental tissue. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2002; 75(--):S36-S44. >>> Cadmium chloride; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 19 days; Functionality of mp verified by placental cadmium levels; dose-response (fig. 5); teratology.
P6028 Piasek,M., Blanusa,M., Kostial,K., Laskey,J.W. Low iron diet and parenteral cadmium exposure in pregnant rats: the effects on trace elements and fetal viability. Biometals 2004; 17(-1-):1-14. >>> Cadmium chloride; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Dose-reponse (p. 7, table 2); comparison of SC injections vs. SC mp; teratology.
P5804 Kondoh,M., Imada,N., Kamada,K., Tsukahara,R., Higashimoto,M., Takiguchi,M., Watanabe,Y., Sato,M. Property of metallothionein as a Zn pool differs depending on the induced condition of metallothionein. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 2003; 142(-1-2-):11-18. >>> Cadmium acetate; Saline; SC; Mice; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 12) "None of the animals displayed any evidence of infection or other adverse effects from the procedure."; toxicology.
P4430 Shaikh,Z.A, Northup,J.B, Vestergaard,P. Dependence of cadmium-metallothionein nephrotoxicity on glutathione.. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1999; 56(--):211-222. >>> Cadmium metallothionein;; Saline;; rat;; 2001D;; 24 hours;; control received mp w/vehicle; comparison of bolus injections vs. mp; toxicology; dependence;.
P3562 Curtis,S.L., Nonavinakere,V.K., Potmis,R.A., Rasekh,H.R., Reams,R., Early II,J.L. Subacute exposure to cadmium chloride induces HSP-72 in rat liver. Res.Commun.Mol.Path.Pharmacol. 1996; 94(-2-):221-224. >>> Cadmium chloride; SC; rat; 2001; 14 days; controls received mp w/ dI H2O, toxicology.
P3026 Vestergaard,P., Shaikh,Z.A. The nephrotoxicity of intravenously administered cadmium-metallothionein: effect of dose, mode of administration, and preexisting renal cadmium burden. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 1994; 126(--):240-247. >>> Cadmium metallothionein; Radio-isotopes; Potassium phosphate buffer; Mercaptoethanol, 2-; IV (jugular); rat; 24 hours; dose response; comparison of sc injections vs. mp; toxicology; Cd-MT was well tolerated if given via infusion, but nephrotoxic if given as a bolus injection.
P2792 Mahalik,M.P., Hitner,H.W., Prozialeck,W.C. Teratogenic effects and distribution of cadmium (Cd2+) administered via osmotic minipumps to gravid CF-1 mice. Toxicol.Lett. 1995; 76(--):195-202. >>> Cadmium; Saline, sterile; SC; mice (pregnant); 14 days; controls received no treatment or mp w/saline; functionality of mp verified by testing blood levels of cadmium; no stress (see pg. 196); teratology; investigators state that disinfectant is not necessary for sc implantation; there is no infection or other complication.
P1172 DuVal,G., Grubb,B.R. Tissue accumulation of cadmium as a function of blood concentration. Biol.Trace.Elem.Res. 1986; 9(-2-):101-111. >>> Cadmium chloride; SC; rabbit; 2ML4; 28 days; controls received sham operation; dose-response; stress/adverse reaction (fibrous tissue covering mp).
P0966 Jamall,I.S., Sprowls,J.J. Effects of cadmium and dietary selenium on cytoplasmic and mitochondrial antioxidant defense systems in the heart of rats fed high dietary copper. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 1987; 87(--):102-110. >>> Cadmium chloride; SC; rat; 2002; 2 weeks; comparison of cadmium in diet vs. mp infusion.
P0716 Jamall,I.S., Smith,J.C. Effects of cadmium on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidation in the rat heart: a possible mechanism of cadmium cardiotoxicity. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 1985; 80(-1-):33-42. >>> Cadmium chloride; Water; SC; rat; 2001; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ deionized water; Cd administered in diet and mp infusion; Se eliminated or supplemented in diet.
P0636 Jamall,I.S., Smith,J.C. The effects of dietary selenium on cadmium binding in rat kidney and liver. Arch.Toxicol. 1985; 56(-4-):252-255. >>> Cadmium chloride; SC; rat; 2001; no duration posted; duration of mp use probably 1 week; purpose for mp use not clear, Cd delivered primarily in diet for 7 weeks.
P0136 Johnson,D.R., Foulkes,E.C. On the proposed role of metallothionein in the transport of cadmium. Environ.Res. 1980; 21(-2-):360-365. >>> Cadmium chloride; Cadmium metallothionein; Radio-isotopes; 109CdCl2 tracer; 109CdMt tracer; Radio-isotopes; SC; rat; 2-3 days; comparison of injections in rabbits vs. mp infusion in rats.
3. Copper
P8422 Lavoie,N., Peralta,MR III, Chiasson,M., Lafortune,K., Pellegrini,L., Seress,L., Toth,K. Extracellular chelation of zinc does not affect hippocampal excitability and seizure-induced cell death in rats. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2007; 578(-1-):275-289. >>> Tricine; EDTA, copper; EDTA, zinc; EDPA; EDTA, calcium; Saline; cresyl violet; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001D; 12 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; brain tissue distribution; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, >35 days old); cresyl violet used to verify injection site.
P3117 Toyokuni,S., Sagripanti,J.-L. Increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in kidney and liver of rats continuously exposed to copper. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 1994; 126(--):91-97. >>> Copper chloride; Cupric nitrilotriacetate; Nitrilotriacetic acid; SC; rat; 2001; 3,5 days; controls received mp with saline or no treatment; toxicology; Cu-NTA is a copper chelate; copper pump implant sites were marked by tissue necrosis and massive neutrophil infiltration; "...a level of copper that proved to be lethal or highly toxic when delivered in a single bolus dose could be continuously administered with mild histological alterations and without any noticeable modification in the behavior of the rats.".
P1994 Ferrell,J.B., Fleisher,L.N., Smith,M.G., McGahan,M.C. Effect of copper loading and depletion on rabbit superoxide dismutase activity. Trace Elements in Medicine 1992; 9(-2-):55-58. >>> Copper sulfate; Saline; SC; rabbit; 2ML4; no duration posted; no comment posted.
P1620 McGahan,M.C., Fleisher,L.N., Grimes,A.M. Clinical signs of acute ocular inflammatory response to endotoxin are not altered by increasing antioxidant potency of intraocular fluids. Inflammation 1989; 13(-4-):383-392. >>> Copper sulfate; Saline; SC; rabbit; 2ML4; no duration posted; uveitis model.
P0890 Veltman,J.C., Maines,M.D. Regulatory effect of copper on rat adrenal cytochrome P-450 and steroid metabolism. Biochem.Pharmacol. 1986; 35(-17-):2903-2909. >>> Copper sulfate; Saline; SC; rat; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline.
P0817 Cook,C.S., Grubb,B. Experimental hypercupremia does not result in increases in copper in lens, iris, or ocular fluids. Curr.Eye Res. 1986; 5(-2-):171-173. >>> Copper sulfate; SC; rabbit; 2ML4; 28 days; dose-response data; controls received anesthesia but no surgery or mp.
4. Iron-saturated Desferrioxamine
P2580 Kondo,H., Miura,M., Kodama,J., Ahmed,S.M., Itokawa,Y. Role of iron in oxidative stress in skeletal muscle atrophied by immobilization. Pflugers Arch. 1992; 421(--):295-297. >>> Desferrioxamine; Desferrioxamine, iron-saturated; Water, double-distilled; SC; rat; 2ML1; 8 days; controls received mp w/ water.
5. Magnesium
Q0444 Ishii,M., Hattori,A., Numaguchi,Y., Ma,X.Y., Nagasaka,T., Tsujimoto,M., Murohara,T., Kobayashi,H., Mizutani,S. The effect of recombinant aminopeptidase A (APA) on hypertension in pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Early Human Development 2009; 85(-9-):589-594. >>> Magnesium sulfate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 10 days; Controls were not treated; animal info (pregnant SHRs, gestational day 5, 180-200 g, pregnant, WKYs, 220-240 g).
P8623 Khan,O.H., McPhee,L.C., Moddemann,L.N., Del Bigio,M.R. Calcium antagonism in neonatal rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Journal of Child Neurology 2007; 22(-10-):1161-1166. >>> Magnesium chloride; magnesium sulfate; SC; Rat (neonate); 2002; 2004; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline, equimolar; dose-response (table 1); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; stress/adverse reaction : (see pg 1162) high magnesium sulfate concentrations led to necrosis and skin sloughing at implant site; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, 7 days old); skin was closed with staples (wound clips used).
P7889 Coates,B.J., Broderick,T.L., Batia,L.M., Standley,C.A. MgSO4 prevents left ventricular dysfunction in an animal model of preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006; 195(-5-):1398-1403. >>> L-NAME; magnesium sulfate; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML1; 4 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cardiovascular; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 150-175g.); "Infusion of L-NAME in pregnant rats represent an excellent animal model suitable for the study of cardiovascular dysfunction in preeclampsia." (pg. 1401).
P4822 Sameshima,H., Ikenoue,T. Long-term magnesium sulfate treatment as protection against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in seven-day-old rats.. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001; 184(--):185-190. >>> Magnesium sulfate;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 3 days;; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by measuring magnesium ion concentrations; teratology; seven-day old rat pups weighed on average 13.9±2.5 grams; neuroprotection; ischemia (cerebral).
P3663 Nag,S., Riopelle,R.J. Spinal neuronal pathology associated with continuous intrathecal infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate in the rat. Acta Neuropathologica 1990; 81(--):7-13. >>> NMDA; Glycine; Magnesium sulfate; APV; PBS; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); rat; 1, 2, or 4 weeks; controls received no agent or mp w/ .IMPBS alone or w/ .15M glycine in .IMPS; 0.2 and 0.5M NMDA for 1-2 weeks poorly tolerated; .15M for 2&4 weeks better; NMDA and other agents infused in pairs.
P3074 Zochodne,D.W., Murray,M., Nag,S., Riopelle,R.J. A segmental chronic pain syndrome in rats associated with intrathecal infusion of NMDA: evidence for selective action in the dorsal horn. Can.J.Neurol.Sci. 1994; 21(--):24-28. >>> NMDA; Magnesium sulfate; PBS; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2002; 4-8 weeks; controls received mp with PBS; long-term study, pumps replaced every 2 weeks; NMDA given with MgS04.
P1235 McCaslin,P.P., Morgan,W.W. Anticonvulsive activity of several excitatory amino acid antagonists against barbital withdrawal-induced spontaneous convulsions. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1988; 147(--):381-386. >>> Glutamyldiethyl ester; Magnesium sulfate; Piperidine dicarboxyl acid, cis-2,3-; Phosphonoheptanoic acid, 2-amino-7-; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 48 hours; controls received mp w/saline; mp connected to cannula.
6. Manganese
P1436 Liccione,J.J., Maines,M.D. Manganese-mediated increase in the rat brain mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 and drug metabolism activity: susceptibility of the striatum. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1989; 248(-1-):222-228. >>> Manganese chloride; Water; SC; rat; 7 days; controls received saline.
P1435 Liccione,J.J., Maines,M.D. Selective vulnerability of glutathione metabolism and cellular defense mechanisms in rat striatum to manganese. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 247(-1-):156-161. >>> Manganese chloride; Water; SC; rat; 7 days; controls received saline.
P1138 Newland,M.C., Cox,C., Hamada,R., Oberdorster,G., Weiss,B. The clearance of manganese chloride in the primate. Fundam.Appl.Toxicol. 1987; 9(-2-):314-328. >>> Manganese chloride; Radio-isotopes; Radio-isotopes; SC; monkey; 6 weeks; Pump model not stated; half-life; multiple pumps per animal (2); comparison of MnCl inhalation vs. mp infusion; stress/adverse reaction (necrosis, edema at mp site); pump replaced.
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“...In comparison to bolus IP injection, continuous administration of angiogenesis inhibitors by an osmotic pump implanted IP resulted in a decrease of the required dosage and improved the effectiveness of therapy.” (p.451) Cheng et al., Neoplasia 2003;5:445-456