References on the Administration of Naloxone and Naltrexone Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

1. Naloxone

R0195 Liu,B., Hong,J.S. Role of microglia in inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanisms and strategies for therapeutic intervention. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 304(-1-):1-7. >>> Naloxone; Rat; ; Neurodegenerative; Pg. 5.

P9163 Hutchinson,M.R., Zhang,Y.N., Brown,K., Coats,B.D., Shridhar,M., Sholar,P.W., Patel,S.J., Crysdale,N.Y., Harrison,J.A., Maier,S.F., Rice,K.C., Watkins,L.R. Non-stereoselective reversal of neuropathic pain by naloxone and naltrexone: involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). European Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28(-1-):20-29. >>> Naloxone; Saline, sterile; SC; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 4 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 300-375 g.); sciatic nerve injury.

P9065 Dunbar,S.A., Karamian,I., Zhang,H.H. Ketorolac prevents recurrent withdrawal induced hyperalgesia but does not inhibit tolerance to spinal morphine in the rat. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAIN 2007; 11(-1-):1-6. >>> Morphine sulfate; naloxone hydrochloride; ketorlac; SC; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 4, 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; animal info (adult, male, Sprague Dawley, 350 g.).

P8708 Sirohi,S., Kumar,P., Yoburn,B.C. mu-opioid receptor up-regulation and functional supersensitivity are independent of antagonist efficacy. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 323(-2-):701-707. >>> Naltrexol HCl, 6B-; naloxone HCl; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets; dose-response (fig 3, 5); comparison of pellets, SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, Swiss-Webster, 22-30g).

P8677 King,T., Vardanyan,A., Majuta,L., Melemedjian,O., Nagle,R., Cress,A.E., Vanderah,T.W., Lai,J., Porreca,F. Morphine treatment accelerates sarcoma-induced bone pain, bone loss, and spontaneous fracture in a murine model of bone cancer. Pain 2007; 132(-1-2-):154-168. >>> Morphine; naloxone; Saline; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 157, 159); no stress (see pg. 155); cancer (bone); multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (20-25g, male, adult, C3H/HeJ); pain.

P7749 Meunier,A., Latremoliere,A., Mauborgne,A., Bourgoin,S., Kayser,V., Cesselin,F., Hamon,M., Pohl,M. Attenuation of pain-related behavior in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain by viral-driven enkephalin overproduction in trigeminal ganglion neurons. MOLECULAR THERAPY 2005; 11(-4-):608-616. >>> Naloxone; naloxone methiodide; SC; Rat; 1007D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 175-200g.);chronic constrictive injury of the left infraorbital nerve.

P7207 Ogawa,A., Morimoto,T., Hu,J.W., Tsuboi,Y., Tashiro,A., Noguchi,K., Nakagawa,H., Iwata,K. Hard-food mastication suppresses complete Freund's adjuvant-induced nociception. Neuroscience 2003; 120(-4-):1081-1092. >>> Naloxone; IV (jugular); Rat; 3, 6 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by measuring residual volume.

P7012 Yoburn,B.C., Purohit,V., Patel,K., Zhang,Q.Y. Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 498(-1-3-):87-96. >>> Naloxone; etorphine hcl; morphine sulfate; Saline, normal; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received inert, placebo pellets or saline injections; comparison of SC injections vs. pellets vs. mp; tolerance; "Intermittent naloxone and etorphine treatment did not regulate u-opioid receptor or dynamin-2, despite the fact that the total amount of drug administered was the same as continuous treatment." (pg. 94); animal info (m, 22-30 grams).

P6850 Hou,Y.N., Yuri,T.A., Belcheva,M.M., Clark,A.L., Zahm,D.S., Coscia,C.J. Differential effects of gestational buprenorphine, naloxone, and methadone on mesolimbic mu opioid and ORL1 receptor G protein coupling. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 151(-1-2-):149-157. >>> Buprenorphine; naloxone; methadone; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/ water; dose-response (fig. 3); teratology.

P6702 Rajashekara,V., Patel,C.N., Patel,K., Purohit,V., Yoburn,B.C. Chronic opioid antagonist treatment dose-dependently regulates mu-opioid receptors and trafficking proteins in vivo. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2003; 75(-4-):909-913. >>> Naloxone HCL; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets; dose-response (fig.2).

P6250 Froehlich,J., O'Malley,S., Hyytia,P., Davidson,D., Farren,C. Preclinical and clinical studies on naltrexone: What have they taught each other?. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 27(-3-):533-539. >>> Naloxone; Rat; 7 days; dose-response (p.5); dependence.

P5212 Lu,X., Bing,G., Hagg,T. Naloxone prevents microglia-induced degeneration of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons in adult rats. Neuroscience 2000; 97(-2-):285-291. >>> Naloxone; PBS; ethanol; SC; CSF/CNS (substantia nigra); Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle;CNS infusion using PBS; SC infusion in 60% ethanol vehicle to enhance solubility (p.286); SC infusion compared to CNS administration; neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease).

P4965 Vertes,Z., Sandor,A., Kovacs,K.A., Oszter,A., Kornyei,J.L., Kovacs,S., Vertes,M. Epidermal growth factor influenced by opioid peptides in immature rat uterus. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2000; 23(--):502-508. >>> Enkephalin analog; Naloxone; Saline; IP; rat; 1003D; 1-3 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by aspirating remaining contents; peptides; Enkephalin analog ENK was (D-Met2-Pro5)enkephalinamide, inhibits epidermal growth factor..

P4800 Li,X., Angst,M.S., Clark,J.D. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and incisional pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001; 93(--):204-209. >>> Morphine sulfate; Naloxone;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2ML1;; 6 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P4560 Mavridis,M., Besson,M.J. Dopamine-opiate interaction in the regulation of neostriatal and pallidal neuronal activity as assessed by opioid precursor peptides and glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA expression.. Neuroscience 1999; 92(-3-):945-966. >>> Naloxone;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2ML1;; 8 days;; controls received mp w/vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume;.

P4155 Spanagel,R., Kirschke,C., Tretter,F., Holsboer,F. Forced opiate withdrawal under anaesthesia augments and prolongs the occurrence of withdrawal signs in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998; 52(--):251-256. >>> Naloxone; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; dependence.

P3768 Jonsdottir,I.H., Johansson,C., Asea,A., Johansson,P., Hellstrand,K., Thoren,P., Hoffmann,P. Duration and mechanisms of the increased natural cytotoxicity seen after chronic voluntary exercise in rats. Acta Physiol.Scand. 1997; 160(--):333-339. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; no stress (see pg. 337).

P3555 Paronis,C.A., Holtzman,S.G. Sensitization and tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of mu-opioid agonists. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114(--):601-610. >>> Naloxone HCl; Morphine sulfate; Meperidine HCl; Fentanyl citrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received sham pumps; tolerance.

P3323 Alcaraz,C., Vargas,M.L., Milanes,M.V. Chronic naloxone-induced supersensitivity affects neither tolerance to nor physical dependence on morphine at hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Neuropeptides 1996; 30(-1-):29-36. >>> Naloxone; Water, distilled; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P3292 Gouarderes,C., Jhamandas,K., Cridland,R., Cros,J., Quirions,R., Zajac,J.M. Opioid and substance p receptor adaptations in the rat spinal cord following sub-chronic intrathecal treatment with morphine and naloxone. Neuroscience 1993; 54(-3-):799-807. >>> Morphine; Naloxone; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance; medical category:pain/analgesia;skc.

P3247 Levesque,D., Holtzman,S.G. The potentiating effcets of restraint stress and continuous naloxone infusion on the analgesic potency of morphine are additive. Brain Research 1993; 617(--):176-180. >>> Naloxone HCl; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received empty mp; stress/adverse reaction (pg. 179); possible surgical stress of pump removal may have affected results.

P3204 Jimenez,I., Fuentes,J.A. Subchronic naloxone inhibits hypertension induced by stress in the rat. Pharmacol.Comm. 1994; 4(-3-):207-213. >>> Naloxone; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline.

P3174 Millan,M.J., Colpaert,F.C. Opioid systems in the response to inflammatory pain: sustained blockade suggests role of kappa- but not mu-opioid receptors in the modulation of nociception, behaviour and pathology. Neuroscience 1991; 42(-2-):541-553. >>> Naloxone; Water, sterile; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp with vehicle; mp placed on flank.

P3060 Yoburn,B.C., Billings,B., Duttaroy,A. Opioid receptor regulation in mice. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 265(-1-):314-320. >>> Etorphine HCl; Fentanyl citrate; Naloxone HCl; NaCl; SC; mice; 2001; 2002; 7-8 Days; controls received placebo pellets; dose-response; comparison of sc fentanyl injections vs. mp; good methods; tolerance.

P3058 Yoburn,B.C., Duttaroy,A., Shah,S., Davis,T. Opioid antagonist-induced receptor upregulation: effects of concurrent agonist administration. Brain Res.Bull. 1994; 33(-2-):237-240. >>> Naloxone; Fentanyl citrate; Etorphine HCl; NaCl; SC; mice; 2001; 2002; 7-8 days; controls received placebo pellets.

P2940 Earl,J.R., Claxson,A.W., Blake,D.R., Morris,C.J. Proinflammatory effects of morphine in the rat adjuvant arthritis model. Int.J.Tiss.Reac. 1994; XVI(-4-):163-170. >>> Morphine sulfate; Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; no duration posted; controls received mp with saline or were naive.

P2878 Rocha,L., Ackermann,R.F., Chugani,H.T., Engel Jr,J. Chronic pretreatment with naloxone modifies benzodiazepine receptor binding in amygdaloid kindled rats. Epilepsy Res. 1994; 17(--):135-142. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline; functionality of pump verified with pump emptying.

P2877 Rocha,L., Ackermann,R.F., Nassir,Y., Chugani,H.T., Engel Jr,J. Characterization of mu opioid receptor binding during amygdala kindling in rats and effects of chronic naloxone pretreatment: an autoradiographic study. Epilepsy Res. 1993; 14(--):195-208. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline; functionality of pump verified with pump emptying.

P2327 Johnson,M.D., Richmond,B.K. Effect of naloxone on hypertension in dahl salt-sensitive rats. Heart Circ.Physiol. 1992; 31(--):H162-H167. >>> Naloxone; SC; rat; 2002; 28 days; controls received sham operation; pumps replaced at 2 weeks.

P2314 Henion,P.D., Landis,S.C. Developmental regulation of leucine-enkephalin expression in adrenal chromaffin cells by glucocorticoids and innervation. J.Neurosci. 1992; 12(-10-):3818-3827. >>> Naloxone; Saline; SC; rat; 4 days; neuroscience; multiple pumps per animal (2).

P2178 Alcaraz,C., Vargas,M.L., Fuente,T., Milanes,M.V. Chronic naloxone treatment induces supersensitivity to a mu but not to a kappa agonist at the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis level. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 266(-3-):1602-1606. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/water.

P2047 Paronis,C.A., Holtzman,S.G. Apparent pA2 value of naltrexone is not changed in rats following continuous exposure to morphine or naloxone. Life Sci. 1992; 50(--):1407-1416. >>> Morphine sulfate; Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received empty pumps previously used, which is not recommended by the manufacturer.

P2033 Paronis,C.A., Holtzman,S.G. Increased analgesic potency of Mu agonists after continuous naloxone infusion in rats. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1991; 259(-2-):582-589. >>> Naloxone; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; no comment posted.

P1847 Millan,M.J., Colpaert,F.C. The influence of sustained opioid receptor blockade in a model of long-term, localized inflammatory pain in rats. Neurosci.Lett. 1990; 113(--):50-55. >>> Naloxone HCl; Water; SC; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; no comment posted.

P1638 Bruce,D.S., Darling,N.K., Seeland,K.J., Oeltgen,P.R., Nilekani,S.P., Amstrup,S.C. Is the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) a hibernator?: continued studies on opioids and hibernation. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1990; 35(--):705-711. >>> Naloxone; Saline; SC; squirrel; 2ML4; 35 days; no comment posted.

P1439 Chen,M., Lee,J., Malvin,R.L., Huang,B.S. Naloxone attenuates development of hypertension in two-kidney one-clip goldblatt rats. Am.J.Physiol. 1988; 255(--):E839-E842. >>> Naloxone; Saline; abdomen; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; mp connected to catheter; tissue perfusion.

P1410 Morris,B.J., Millan,M.J., Herz,A. Antagonist-induced opioid receptor up-regulation 2: regionally specific modulation of mu, delta and kappa binding sites in rat brain revealed by quantitative autoradiography. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 247(-2-):729-736. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 1 week; no comment posted.

P1409 Millan,M.J., Morris,B.J., Herz,A. Antagonist-induced opioid receptor up-regulation 1: characterization of supersensitivity to selective mu and kappa agonists. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 247(-2-):721-728. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 1 week; no comment posted.

P1405 Alcaraz,C., Milanes,M.V., Vargas,M.L. Chronic kappa opioid receptor antagonism produces supersensitivity to U-50,488H at the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis level. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 266(-3-):1385-1389. >>> Naloxone; Water, distilled; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/water.

P1321 Shippenberg,T.S., Millan,M.J., Mucha,R.F., Herz,A. Involvement of B-endorphin and u-opioid receptors in mediating the aversive effect of lithium in the rat. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1988; 154(--):135-144. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; no comment posted.

P1299 Millan,M.J., Morris,B.J. Long-term blockade of u-opioid receptors suggests a role in control of ingestive behaviour, body weight and core temperature in the rat. Brain Research 1988; 450(--):247-258. >>> Bremazocine; MR-2266; MR-2267; Naloxone; Sufentanil; DMSO; HCl; Sodium hydroxide; Propylene glycol; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 3, 6, 7 days; mp malfunction -- pump plugged at 4 days due to propylene glycol; water was vehicle for naloxone; propylene glycol, HCl, NaOH was vehicle for MR-2200; pump replaced at 3 days.

P1267 Almeida,O.F.X., Nikolarakis,K.E., Herz,A. Evidence for the involvement of endogenous opioids in the inhibition of luteinizing hormone by corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocrinology 1988; 122(-3-):1034-1041. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 6 hours; controls received mp w/water; concomitant CRF ICV infusion; 3 exp., only 1 used mp.

P1181 Lightman,S.L., Young,W.S. Changes in hypothalamic preproenkephalin A mRNA following stress and opiate withdrawal. Nature 1987; 328(-13-):643-645. >>> Morphine; Naloxone; SC; rat; 2ML1; 12 days; controls received spent mp; agents infused separately.

P1165 Millan,M.J., Czyonkowski,A., Herz,A. Evidence that mu-opioid receptors mediate midbrain 'stimulation-produced analgesia' in the freely moving rat. Neuroscience 1987; 22(-3-):885-896. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; concomitant administration of morphine; stimulation of midbrain.

P1164 Stevens,C.W., Yaksh,T.L. Chronic antagonist infusion does not increase morphine antinociception in rat spinal cord. Brain Research 1987; 425(-2-):388-390. >>> Naloxone HCl; Naltrexone HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; mp connected to a 'Y' catheter; half-life; morphine administered intrathecally via the external arm of the 'Y' catheter; concomitant infusion of agents; comparison of bolus injections vs. mp infusion.

P1156 Bruce,D.S., Cope,G.W., Elam,T.R., Ruit,K.A., Oeltgen,P.R., Su,T.-P. Opioids and hibernation. I. effects of naloxone on bear hit's depression of guinea pig ileum contractility and on induction of summer hibernation in the ground squirrel. Life Sci. 1987; 41(-18-):2107-2113. >>> Naloxone; Saline; SC; squirrel; 2ML4; 28 days; controls received mp w/ saline; concomitant administration of winter bear plasma or its albumin fraction.

P1072 Huffman,R.D., Simmons,K.E., Lum,J.T. An intraventricular infusion model for inducing morphine dependence in rats: Quantitative assessment of precipitated withdrawal. Behav.Neurosci. 1985; 99(-5-):861-880. >>> Morphine; Naloxone; CSF/CNS; rat; 1701; 14 days; controls received mp w/Naloxone; mp connected to cannula; water infused for 6 days before being replaced w/agent filled mp; 2 pumps/animal; comparison of 3 morphine pellets vs. mp infusion; pump replaced.

P0953 Hollenbach,S.J., DeGuzman,L.R., Bellamy,R.F. Early administration of methylprednisolone promotes survival in rats with intra-abdominal sepsis. Circ.Shock 1986; 20(-2-):161-168. >>> Clindamycin; Methylprednisolone; Gentamicin; Naloxone; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; toxicology; multiple pumps per animal (3); comparison of bolus injections vs. mp infusion; antibiotic.

P0904 Pfeiffer,A., Pfeiffer,D.G., Feuerstein,G., Faden,A.I., Kopin,I.J. An increase in opiate receptor-sites is associated with enhanced cardiovascular depressant, but not respiratory depressant action of morphine. Brain Research 1984; 296(--):305-311. >>> Naloxone; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 4 weeks; controls received mp w/ saline; pumps replaced after 2 weeks.

P0898 Sugimoto,M., Kuraishi,Y., Satoh,M., Takagi,h. Involvement of medullary opioid-peptidergic and spinal noradrenergic systems in the regulation of formalin-induced persistent pain. Neuropharmacology 1986; 25(-5-):481-485. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline or no treatment; comparison of single icv injection vs. mp infusion.

P0894 Malin,D.H., Hempel,A.G., Exley,R.J., Addington,S. Clonidine reverses the behavioral and respiratory effects of continuous naloxone infusion. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1986; 25(-5-):989-993. >>> Naloxone; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 28 and 52 hours; controls received mp w/saline; 2 separate experiments using mps.

P0742 Baskin,D.S., Hosobuchi,Y., Grevel,J.C. Treatment of experimental stroke with opiate antagonists, effects on neurological function, infarct size, and survival. J.Neurosurg. 1986; 64(--):99-103. >>> Diprenorphine; Naloxone; Naltrexone; Saline; SC; cat; 2ML1; 7 days; mp functionality and accuracy of delivery verified; acute ip adminis. of agents w/mp infusion; ischemia (cerebral).

P0741 Leng,G., Mansfield,S., Bicknell,R.J., Dean,A.D.P., Ingram,C.D., Marsh,M.I.C., Yates,J.O., Dyer,R.G. Central opoids: a possible role in parturition?. J.Endocrinol. 1985; 106(-2-):219-224. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2002; no duration posted; controls received mps w/ saline.

P0619 Malin,D.H., Leavell,J.G., Freeman,K., Kinzler,W.C., Reagan,M.A. Continuous infusion of naloxone: effects on behavior and oxygen consumption. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1985; 22(-5-):791-795. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 52 hours; comparison of injec of 3 naloxone doses vs. mp infusion; multiple pumps per animal (2).

P0610 Beckman,A.L., Llados-Eckman,C. Antagonism of brain opioid peptide action reduces hibernation bout duration. Brain Research 1985; 328(--):201-205. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS; squirrel; 2001; 2-7 days; dose-response data.

P0595 George,S., Kertesz,M. Met-enkephalin concentrations in straitum respond reciprocally to alterations in dopamine neurotransmission. Peptides 1987; 8(-3-):487-492. >>> Apomorphine; FK-33824; Haloperidol; Naloxone; Ethanol; Tartaric acid; Water; SC; rat; 5, 9 days; mp model not stated; controls received mp w/unspecified vehicle or were sham-operated; agents infused separately w/appropriate vehicle; comparison of sc inject. vs. mp infusion.

P0509 Saland,L.C., Ortiz,E., Samora,A. Chronic infusion of opiate peptides to rat cerebrospinal fluid with osmotic minipumps. Anat.Rec. 1984; 210(--):115-123. >>> Endorphin, a-; Endorphin, ovine B-; Enkephalin, methionine-; Naloxone HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 1-2 days; comparison of agents effects; peptides.

P0421 Quock,R.M., Vaughn,L.K., Kouchich,F.J. Influence of chronic naloxone treatment on development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 1984; 325(--):88-90. >>> Naloxone HCl; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 8 weeks; pump replaced every week; long-term study; 1-2 pumps of naloxone/test animal; controls got 1 pump w/ water.

P0349 Wiesenfeld,Z., Hallin,R.G. Continuous naloxone administration via osmotic minipump decreases autotomy but has no effect on nociceptive threshold in the rat. Pain 1983; 16(-2-):145-153. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 2-5 weeks; pumps replaced weekly; stress/adverse reaction (fibrous tissue growth and mp malfunction due to tissue growth).

P0240 Tseng,L.-F. Tolerance and cross tolerance to morphine after chronic spinal D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin infusion. Life Sci. 1982; 31(--):987-992. >>> Enkephalin agonist DADL; Naloxone; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 5 days; agents infused alone and/or concomitantly; peptides.

P0171 Jalowiec,J.E., Panksepp,J., Zolovick,A.J., Najam,N., Herman,B.H. Opioid modulation of ingestive behavior. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1981; 15(-3-):477-484. >>> Naloxone HCl; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 8 days; Exp. 1-2) morphine or naloxone injections 3) 2001, 8 days naloxone; morphine injec. on last day, 4) naloxone injec; comparison of injec vs. mp infusion.

P0109 Hetta,J., Terenius,L. Prenatal naloxone affects survival and morphine sensitivity of rat offspring. Neurosci.Lett. 1980; 16(-3-):323-327. >>> Naloxone; Saline; SC; rat; 7 days; no comment posted.

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2. Naltrexone

P6432 Hummel,M., Ansonoff,M.A., Pintar,J.E., Unterwald,E.M. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of mu opioid receptors in mice reveals a differential effect on behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Neuroscience 2004; 125(-1-):211-220. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 1002; 21 days; Pumps replaced at day 13; behavioral study.

P6029 Bailey,A., Hawkins,R.M., Hourani,S.M.O., Kitchen,I. Quantitative autoradiography of adenosine receptors in brains of chronic naltrexone-treated mice. British Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 139(-6-):1187-1195. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P5891 Jones,J.E., Corp,E.S. Effect of naltrexone on food intake and body weight in Syrian hamsters depends on metabolic status. PHYSIOLOGY&BEHAVIOR 2003; 78(-1-):67-72. >>> Naltrexone; Water; sterile; SC; Hamster; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute injections vs. chronic mp; naltrexone is a nonselective opiod antagonist; behavorial study.

P6162 Levine,A.S., Grace,M.K., Cleary,J.P., Billington,C.J. Naltrexone infusion inhibits the development of preference for a high- sucrose diet. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2002; 283(-5-):R1149-R1154. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 20 days; Pumps replaced once; post op. care (topical antibiotic).

P5172 Glass,M.J., Briggs,J.E., Billington,C.J., Kotz,C.M., Levine,A.S. Opioid receptor blockade in rat nucleus tractus solitarius alters amygdala dynorphin gene expression. Am.J Physiol Regul.Integr.Comp Physiol 2002/7; 283(-1-):R161-R167. >>> Naltrexone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (nucleus of solitary tract); Rat; 1007D; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit used; 7-day recovery period; cannula placement verifyed by histological examination.

P5752 Boyadjieva,N., Dokur,M., Advis,J.P., Meadows,G.G., Sarkar,D.K. Chronic ethanol inhibits NK cell cytolytic activity: role of opioid peptide beta-endorphin. J Immunol 2001; 167(-10-):5645-5652. >>> Endorphin, B-; Naltrexone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus); Rat; 2002; 4,16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; naltrexone is an opiate antagonist; used a Y connector to connect pump with a bilateral cannula.

P5242 Jones,J.E., Corp,E.S., Wade,G.N. Effects of naltrexone and CCK on estrous behavior and food intake in Syrian hamsters. Peptides 2001/4; 22(-4-):601-606. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; Hamster; 1003D; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P4920 Cowen,M.S., Lawrence,A.J. Alterations in central preproenkephalin mRNA expression after chronic free-choice ethanol consumption by fawn-hooded rats. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2001; 25(--):1126-1133. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; rat; 4 weeks; controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P4753 Middaugh,L.D, Bandy,A.-L.E. Naltrexone effects on ethanol consumption and response to ethanol conditioned cues in C57BL/6 mice.. Psychopharmacology 2000; 151(--):321-327. >>> Naltrexone;; Saline;; SC;; mice;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (graph p. 324); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; good methods priming p. 322; tolerance; Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist; injected naltrexone reduced drinking behavior, infused naltrexone did not; repeated injections and infusion increased ethanol consumption; recovery period;.

P4602 Cowen,M.S, Rezvani,A.H, Jarrott,B, Lawrence,A.J. Ethanol consumption by Fawn-Hooded rats following abstinence: effect of naltrexone and changes in m-opioid receptor density.. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999/6; 23(-6-):1008-1014. >>> Naltrexone;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 4 weeks;; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P4307 Unterwald,E.M., Anton,B., To,T., Lam,H., Evans,C.J. Quantitative immunolocalization of mu opioid receptors: regulation by naltrexone. Neuroscience 1998; 85(-3-):897-905. >>> Naltrexone HCl;; Saline, sterile;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; controls received mp with vehicle;.

P4179 Kunko,P.M., French,D., Izenwasser,S. Alterations in locomotor activity during chronic cocaine administration: effect of dopamine receptors and interaction with opioids. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1998; 285(-1-):277-284. >>> Cocaine; Naltrexone HCl; Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; dose-response (p. 279-280); tolerance.

P3840 Kotz,C.M., Levine,A.S., Billington,C.J. Effect of naltrexone on feeding, neuropeptide Y and uncoupling protein gene expression during lactation. Neuroendocrinology 1997; 65(--):259-264. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; rat; 1003D; no duration posted; controls received mp w/saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; no stress (see pg. 260).

P3517 Kotz,C.M., Grace,M.K., Briggs,J.E., Billington,C.J., Levine,A.S. Naltrexone induces arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y gene expression in the rat. Am.J.Physiol. 1996; 271(--):R289-R294. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; rat; 1003D; 48 hours; controls received vehicle infusion; functionality of mp verified by measuring residual volume.

P3183 Weems,H.B., Chalecka-Franaszek,E., Cote,T.E. Solubilization of high-affinity, guanine nucleotide-sensitive mu-opioid receptors from rat brain membranes. J.Neurochem. 1996; 66(--):1042-1050. >>> Naltrexone; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; no comment posted.

P3476 Menard,D.P., van Rossum,D., Kar,S., Quirion,R. Alteration of calcitonin gene related peptide and its receptor binding sites during the development of tolerance to mu and delta opioids. Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol. 1995; 73(--):1089-1095. >>> Morphine sulfate; Naltrexone; Enkephalin; U-50,488H; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; tolerance.

P3316 Unterwald,E.M., Rubenfeld,J.M., Imai,Y., Wang,J.B., Uhl,G.R., Kreek,M.J. Chronic opioid antagonist administration upregulates mu opioid receptor binding without altering mu opioid receptor mRNA levels. Mol.Brain Research 1995; 33(--):351-355. >>> Naltrexone; Saline, sterile; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline.

P2797 Keshet,G.I., Weinstock,M. Maternal naltrexone prevents morphological and behavioral alterations induced in rats by prenatal stress. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1995; 50(-3-):413-419. >>> Ascorbic acid; Naltrexone; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); rat; 7 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P2919 Rubino,T., Massi,P., Patrini,G., Venier,I., Giagnoni,G., Parolaro,D. Effect of chronic exposure to naltrexone and opioid selective agonists on G protein mRNA levels in the rat nervous system. Mol.Brain Research 1994; 23(--):333-337. >>> Naltrexone; DAGO; Enkephalin analog DADLE; DPDPE; U-50,488H; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 7 days; DAGO is a mu-opioid agonist; DPDPE is a delta-opioid agonist.

P2869 Jaffe,S.B., Sobieszczyk,S., Wardlaw,S.L. Effect of opioid antagonism on B-endorphin processing and proopiomelanocortin-peptide release in the hypothalamus. Brain Research 1994; 648(--):24-31. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Lactic acid; SC; rat; 7 days; controls received empty silastic implants.

P2569 Igwe,O.J. Modulation of substance P-ergic system in the rat spinal cord by an opioid antagonist. Mol.Brain Research 1994; 21(--):263-273. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Water, distilled; Cyclodextrin; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 8 or 15 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P3240 Cote,T.E., Izenwasser,S., Weems,H.B. Naltrexone-induced upregulation of mu opioid receptors on 7315c cell and brain membranes: enhancement of opioid efficacy in inhibiting adenylyl cyclase. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 267(-1-):238-244. >>> Naltrexone; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline.

P2653 Bronstein,D.M., Day,N.C., Gutstein,H.B., Trujillo,K.A., Akil,H. Pre- and posttranslational regulation of B-endorphin biosynthesis in the CNS: effects of chronic naltrexone treatment. J.Neurosci. 1993; 60(--):40-49. >>> Naltrexone; SC; rat; 8 days; controls received mp w/ water; comparison of ip injections, NIDA pellets and mp.

P2306 Freier,D.O., Fuchs,B.A. Morphine-induced alterations in thymocyte subpopulations of B6C3F1 mice. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 265(-1-):81-88. >>> Naltrexone; SC; mice; 2001; no duration posted; immunology; dependence; pumps used to evaluate naltrexone's ability administered via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps to block morphine actions on the thymocytes; main study used morphine pellets.

P2371 Markowitz,C.E., Berkowitz,K.M., Jaffe,S.B., Wardlaw,S.L. Effect of opioid receptor antagonism on proopiomelanocortin peptide levels and gene expression in the hypothalamus. Mol.and Cellular Neurosciences 1992; 3(--):184-190. >>> Naltrexone; Lactic acid; SC; rat; 1-3 weeks; controls received empty silastic implants; comparison of sc injections vs. mp.

P2036 Ayesta,F.J., Ableitner,A., Emmett-Oglesby,M.W., Herz,A., Shippenberg,T.S. Paradoxical effect of chronic fentanyl treatment on naltrexone-induced supersensitivity and upregulation. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1992; 260(--):168-174. >>> Naltrexone; Water, distilled; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; no comment posted.

P3055 Young,A.M., Mattox,S.R., Doty,M.D. Increased sensitivity to rate-altering and discriminative stimulus effects of morphine following continuous exposure to naltrexone. Psychopharmacology 1991; 103(--):67-73. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 8 days; controls received mp with saline; dose-response.

P2440 Teskey,G.C., Kavaliers,M. Modifications of social conflict-induced analgesic and activity responses in male mice receiving chronic opioid agonist and antagonist treatments. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1991; 38(--):485-493. >>> Levorphanol tartrate; Naltrexone HCl; U-50,488H; ICI-154,129; Saline; IP; mice; 2001; 7 days; functionality of mp verified by measuring residual pump volume; tolerance.

P1719 Saland,L.C., Reyes,E., Samora,A., Gutierrez,L. Chronic naltrexone infusion: effects on innervation of rat neurointermediate lobe. Brain Res.Bull. 1990; 24(-6-):779-786. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; no comment posted.

P1665 Ahtee,L., Attila,M.J., Carlson,K.R. Augmentation of morphine-induced changes in brain monoamine metabolism after chronic naltrexone treatment. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1990; 255(-2-):803-808. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received a smooth, hollow glass capsule of the same size and weight as pumps.

P1164 Stevens,C.W., Yaksh,T.L. Chronic antagonist infusion does not increase morphine antinociception in rat spinal cord. Brain Research 1987; 425(-2-):388-390. >>> Naloxone HCl; Naltrexone HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; mp connected to a 'Y' catheter; half-life; morphine administered intrathecally via the external arm of the 'Y' catheter; concomitant infusion of agents; comparison of bolus injections vs. mp infusion.

P1205 Steinberg,L., Siegfeld,A., Balmagiya,T., Marks-Kaufman,R. The influence of chronic naltrexone infusions on energy metabolism in pregnant rats. Nutr.Rep.Int. 1986; 33(-1-):89-98. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; rat (pregnant); 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/ saline; mp implanted in pregnant rats on day 3 of exp. (7 days sperm positive).

P0742 Baskin,D.S., Hosobuchi,Y., Grevel,J.C. Treatment of experimental stroke with opiate antagonists, effects on neurological function, infarct size, and survival. J.Neurosurg. 1986; 64(--):99-103. >>> Diprenorphine; Naloxone; Naltrexone; Saline; SC; cat; 2ML1; 7 days; mp functionality and accuracy of delivery verified; acute ip adminis. of agents w/mp infusion; ischemia (cerebral).

P0749 Moudy,A.M., Spain,J.W., Coscia,C.J. Differential up-regulation of microsomal and synaptic membrane mu opoid receptors. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 1985; 132(-2-):735-741. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline.

P0564 Tempel,A., Gardner,E.L., Zukin,R.S. Neurochemical and functional correlates of naltrexone-induced opiate receptor up-regulation. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1985; 232(-2-):439-444. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 8 days; comparison of ip injec vs. mp infusion vs. pellets.

P0528 Marks-Kaufman,R., Balmagiya,T., Gross,E. Modifications in food intake and energy metabolism in rats as a function of chronic naltrexone infusions. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1984; 20(-6-):911-916. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 2 weeks; no comment posted.

P0412 Lang,I.M., Strahlendorf,J.C., Strahlendorf,H.K., Lutherer,L.O., Barnes,C.D. Investigations of the preferential reduction in drinking behavior of opiate antagonists. Proc.West.Pharmacol.Soc. 1982; 25(--):293-297. >>> Naltrexone; SC; rat; 16 days; sterilized Tygon tubing used as a control; poly E-caprolactone capsules used to admin. N for 52 days.

P0242 Nieder,G.L., Corder,C.N. Effects of opiate antagonists on early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in mice. J.Reprod.Fertil. 1982; 65(--):341-346. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; mice (pregnant); 2001; 9 days; comparison of agents.

P0239 Zukin,R.S., Sugarman,J.R., Fitz-Syage,M.L., Gardner,E.L., Zukin,S.R., Gintzler,A.R. Naltrexone-induced opiate receptor supersensitivity. Brain Research 1982; 245(--):285-292. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 1 week; comparison of pellets vs. mp infusion.

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