References on the Administration of Nicotine Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

P9190 Somm,E., Schwitzgebel,V.M., Vauthay,D.M., Camm,E.J., Chen,C.Y., Giacobino,J.P., Sizonenko,S.V., Aubert,M.L., Hueerppi,P.S. Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Alters Early Pancreatic Islet and Adipose Tissue Development with Consequences on the Control of Body Weight and Glucose Metabolism Later in Life. Endocrinology 2008; 149(-12-):6289-6299. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 300-325 g.); pumps were primed in saline for 4 hours at 37 degrees Celsius before implantation; "...a practical method for continuous delivery to the pup while minimizing stress due to handling gestating mothers." pg. 6297.

P9127 Stoker,A.K., Semenova,S., Markou,A. Affective and somatic aspects of spontaneous and precipitated nicotine withdrawal in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54(-8-):1223-1232. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice; 2002; 2004; 14, 28 days; Animal info (adult, C57BL/6J, BALB/cByJ, 12-16 wks old); 7 mm stainless steel wound clips used; pumps removed day 15 and 29.

P9115 Tang,S., Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB in the piglet brainstem after post-natal nicotine and intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia. Brain Research 2008; 1232(-;-):195-205. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Water, sterile; IP; Pig; 2ML2; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, female, piglet, mixed breed).

P9089 Doura,M.B., Gold,A.B., Keller,A.B., Perry,D.C. Adult and periadolescent rats differ in expression of nicotinic cholinergic receptor subtypes and in the response of these subtypes to chronic nicotine exposure. Brain Research 2008; 1215(-;-):40-52. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, PN 29 or 70-90).

P9055 Besson,M., Suarez,S., Cormier,A., Changeux,J.P., Granon,S. Chronic nicotine exposure has dissociable behavioural effects on control and beta 2-/- mice. Behavior Genetics 2008; 38(-5-):503-514. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline, sterile; sodium hydroxide; SC; Mice (knockout); 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, 3-5 months old, beta2 -/-; "This mode of administration... guarantees stable plasma nicotine levels."; behavioral testing (exploratory, free roaming, spontaneous repetitive; social anxiety).

P9046 Raybuck,J.D., Portugal,G.S., Lerman,C., Gould,T.J. Varenicline Ameliorates Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Learning Deficits in C57BL/6 Mice. Behavioral Neuroscience 2008; 122(-5-):1166-1171. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (C57BL/6).

P9009 Castane,A., Soria,G., Ledent,C., Maldonado,R., Valverde,O. Attenuation of nicotine-induced rewarding effects in A2A knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51(-3-):631-640. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 2001; 6, 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 2); dependence; animal info (CD1, A2A KO, 30-35 g.).

P9005 Bergstrom,H.C., McDonald,C.G., French,H.T., Smith,R.F. Continuous nicotine administration produces selective, age-dependent structural alteration of pyramidal neurons from prelimbic cortex. Synapse 2008; 62(-1-):31-39. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium tartrate; animal info (male, Long-Evans hodded, 4 wks old).

P8996 Galatz,L.M., Silva,M.J., Rothermich,S.Y., Zaegel,M.A., Havlioglu,N., Thomopoulos,S. Nicotine delays tendon-to-bone healing in a rat shoulder model. JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY-AMERICAN VOLUME 2006; 88A(-9-):2027-2034. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4, 8 weeks; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by nicotine and continine blood levels; long-term study; pumps replaced after 4 weeks; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 350-400 g.); rotator cuff healing model.

P8955 Nuutinen,S., Barik,J., Jones,I.W., Wonnacott,S. Differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine on Elk-I in rat hippocampus. NeuroReport 2007; 18(-2-):121-126. >>> Nicotine; Rat; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 250-350 g.).

P8948 Guillem,K., Vouillac,C., Koob,G.F., Cador,M., Stinus,L. Monoamine oxidase inhibition dramatically prolongs the duration of nicotine withdrawal-induced place aversion. Biological Psychiatry 2008; 63(-2-):158-163. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 101-125 g.).

P8937 Slotkin,T.A., Ryde,I.T., MacKillop,E.A., Bodwell,B.E., Seidler,F.J. Adolescent nicotine administration changes the responses to nicotine given subsequently in adulthood: Adenylyl cyclase cell signaling in brain regions during nicotine administration and withdrawal, and lasting effects. Brain Research Bulletin 2008; 76(-5-):522-530. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water; SC; Rat; 1002; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine and cotinine levels; animal info (Sprague Dawley).

P8920 Lough,C., Young,T., Parker,R., Wittenauer,S., Vincler,M. Increased spinal dynorphin contributes to chronic nicotine-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in the rat. Neuroscience Letters 2007; 422(-1-):54-58. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML4; 14-21 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response (fig. 1, pg 56); pumps replaced; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 200-250 g.); "pumps were stabilized in 0.9% physiological saline for 24h at 37 degree C prior to implantation"; pain.

P8892 Paterson,N.E., Semenova,S., Markou,A. The effects of chronic versus acute desipramine on nicotine withdrawal and nicotine self-administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2008; 198(-3-):351-362. >>> Desipramine; nicotine; Saline; water; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 2ML2; 2ML4; 7, 14, 28 days; pumps replaced; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350g.); post op. care ("antibacterial preparation"); comparison of IP injections vs. SC mp; "The results of the present study indicated that chronic, but not acute, DMI treatment attenuated the anhedonic and somatic components of nicotine withdrawal and that chronic DMI treatment significantly decreased nicotineand food-maintained responding." pg. 358.

P8884 Gulick,D., Gould,T.J. Interactive effects of ethanol and nicotine on learning in C57BL/6J mice depend on both dose and duration of treatment. Psychopharmacology 2008; 196(-3-):483-495. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 12-14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; animal info (male, C57BL/6J, 8-12 wks old, 20-30g.).

P8883 Kota,D., Martin,B.R., Damaj,M.I. Age-dependent differences in nicotine reward and withdrawal in female mice. Psychopharmacology 2008; 198(-2-):201-210. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (naive, female, ICR).

P8881 Rezvani,A.H., Tizabi,Y., Getachew,B., Hauser,S.R., Caldwell,D.P., Hunter,C., Levin,E.D. Chronic nicotine and dizocilpine effects on nicotinic and NMDA glutamatergic receptor regulation: Interactions with clozapine actions and attentional performance in rats. PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY&BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2008; 32(-4-):1030-1040. >>> Nicotine; MK-801; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (adult, female, Sprague Dawley); MK-801 is also known as dizocilpine; schizophrenia.

P8863 Shram,M.J., Siu,E.C.K., Li,Z.X., Tyndale,R.F., Le,A.D. Interactions between age and the aversive effects of nicotine withdrawal under mecamylamine-precipitated and spontaneous conditions in male Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology 2008; 198(-2-):181-190. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (adolescent, adult, Wistar).

P8860 Jain,R., Mukherjee,K., Mohan,D. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in attenuating nicotine withdrawal in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2008; 88(-4-):473-480. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (adult, male, Wistar, albino, 60-90 days old, 150-175g.); "Before implantation, each pump was primed for 4h in physiological saline." pg 474.

P8831 Franke,R.M., Park,M., Belluzzi,J.D., Leslie,F.M. Prenatal nicotine exposure changes natural and drug-induced reinforcement in adolescent male rats. European Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 27(-11-):2952-2961. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2002; 14-16 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 2955); teratology; animal info (female, Sprague Dawley, GD4-GD18-20).

P8725 Semenova,S., Stolerman,I.P., Markou,A. Chronic nicotine administration improves attention while nicotine withdrawal induces performance deficits in the 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2007; 87(-3-):360-368. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 364); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, Wistar, 200-250g).

P8707 Nashmi,R., Xiao,C., Deshpande,P., McKinney,S., Grady,S.R., Whiteaker,P., Huang,Q., Clure-Begley,T., Lindstrom,J.M., Labarca,C., Collins,A.C., Marks,M.J., Lester,H.A. Chronic nicotine cell specifically upregulates functional alpha4* nicotinic receptors: Basis for both tolerance in midbrain and enhanced long-term potentiation in perforant path. Journal of Neuroscience 2007; 27(-31-):8202-8218. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Mice; 2002; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; animal info (Hom alpha4YFP, 2-3 months old).

P8695 Portugal,G.S., Gould,T.J. Bupropion dose-dependently reverses nicotine withdrawal deficits in contextual fear conditioning. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2007; 88(-2-):179-187. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (C57BL/6, 8-12 wks).

P8671 George,O., Ghozland,S., Azar,M.R., Cottone,P., Zorrilla,E.P., Parsons,L.H., O'Dell,L.E., Richardson,H.N., Koob,G.F. CRF-CRF1 system activation mediates withdrawal-induced increases in nicotine self-administration in nicotine-dependent rats. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2007; 104(-43-):17198-17203. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (adult, male, Wistar, 280-330g).

P8664 Salas,R., Main,A., Gangitano,D., De Biasi,M. Decreased withdrawal symptoms but normal tolerance to nicotine in mice null for the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. Neuropharmacology 2007; 53(-7-):863-869. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; animal info (male, female, C57BL/6, 2-5 months).

P8648 Wing,V.C., Shoaib,M. Examining the clinical efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline as smoking cessation agents in a rodent model of nicotine withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 2007; 195(-3-):303-313. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received teflon blanks; animal info (male, hooded Lister, 250g).

P8590 Marshall,D.L., Redfern,P.H., Wonnacott,S. Presynaptic nicotinic modulation of dopamine release in the three ascending pathways studied by in vivo microdialysis: comparison of naive and chronic nicotine-treated rats. J Neurochem 1997; 68(-4-):1511-1519. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-350 grams).

P8547 McDonald,C.G., Eppolito,A.K., Brielmaier,J.M., Smith,L.N., Bergstrom,H.C., Lawhead,M.R., Smith,R.F. Evidence for elevated nicotine-induced structural plasticity in nucleus accumbens of adolescent rats. Brain Research 2007; 1151(--):211-218. >>> Nicotine, bitartrate; sodium titartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium titartrate; animal info (male, Long-Evans hooded, 29 days old, 11 weeks old).

P8501 Xiao,D.L., Huang,X.H., Lawrence,J., Yang,S.M., Zhang,L.B. Fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure differentially regulates vascular contractility in adult male and female offspring. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 320(-2-):654-661. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P8485 Slotkin,T.A., Ryde,I.T., Seidler,F.J. Separate or sequential exposure to nicotine prenatally and in adulthood: Persistent effects on acetylcholine systems in rat brain regions. Brain Research Bulletin 2007; 74(-1-3-):91-103. >>> Nicotine; Water; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; plasma levels taken; animal info (3 months old, Sprague-Dawley).

P8484 Slotkin,T.A., Ryde,I.T., Tate,C.A., Seidler,F.J. Lasting effects of nicotine treatment and withdrawal on serotonergic systems and cell signaling in rat brain regions: separate or sequential exposure during fetal development and adulthood. Brain Res.Bull. 2007/7/12; 73(-4-6-):259-272. >>> Nicotine; Water; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P8483 Say,M., Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A. Changes in serotoninergic receptors 1A and 2A in the piglet brainstem after intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH) and nicotine. Brain Res. 2007/6/4; 1152(--):17-26. >>> Nicotine; Water, sterile; IP; Pig (neonate); 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; SIDS; animal info (mini-piglet; 0-2 days old).

P8482 Trauth,J.A., Seidler,F.J., McCook,E.C., Slotkin,T.A. Adolescent nicotine exposure causes persistent upregulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain regions. Brain Res. 1999/12/18; 851(-1-2-):9-19. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat (neonate); rat; 1002; 2ML2; 17 days; No stress (see pg. 10); animal info (P30-P47, Sprague-Dawley, male, 120 g, female 100 g); anesthetized with ether; adult animal info (90 days old, 350 g, Sprague-Dawley).

P8448 Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J. A unique role for striatal serotonergic systems in the withdrawal from adolescent nicotine administration. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):10-16. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1007D; 1002; 2ML2; 7,17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; comparison of sc injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 13-14); dependence; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, 30 days old, male, 90 days old).

P8415 O'Dell,L.E., Torres,O.V., Natividad,L.A., Tejeda,H.A. Adolescent nicotine exposure produces less affective measures of withdrawal relative to adult nicotine exposure in male rats. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):17-22. >>> Nicotine base; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML2; 14, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 7 days; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar; 21, 27-42, 60-75 days old).

P8383 Polesskaya,O.O., Smith,R.F., Fryxell,K.J. Chronic nicotine doses down-regulate PDE4 isoforms that are targets of antidepressants in adolescent female rats. Biological Psychiatry 2006; 61(-1-):56-64. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 23 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or no treatment; dose-response (fig. 3); pumps replaced after 12 days; animal info (female, 22 days old).

P8382 Pocivavsek,A., Icenogle,L., Levin,E.D. Ventral hippocampal alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor blockade and clozapine effects on memory in female rats. Psychopharmacology 2006; 188(-4-):597-604. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; MLA; erythroidine, dihydro-beta; Saline, sterile; CSF, artifical; SC; CSF/CNS (ventral hippocampus); Rat; 2004; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 200-300g.); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease); methyllycaconitine; cannula placement confirmed w/ Chicago sky-blue dye; schizophrenia.

P8377 Rasmussen,B.A., Perry,D.C. An autoradiographic analysis of [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin binding in rat brain after chronic nicotine exposure. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 404(-1-2-):9-14. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; post op. care (buprenorphine); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 225-275g.).

P8373 Britton,A.F., Vann,R.E., Robinson,S.E. Perinatal nicotine exposure eliminates peak in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor response in adolescent rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 320(-2-):871-876. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate, L-; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 872-3); dependence; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestation day 7, >70 days old).

P8360 Polesskaya,O.O., Fryxell,K.J., Merchant,A.D., Locklear,L.L., Ker,K.F., McDonald,C.G., Eppolito,A.K., Smith,L.N., Wheeler,T.L., Smith,R.F. Nicotine causes age-dependent changes in gene expression in the adolescent female rat brain. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):126-140. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 2004; 33 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 14 days; animal info (Long-Evans, 22 days old, male, female).

P8311 Slotkin,T.A., Tate,C.A., Cousins,M.M., Seidler,F.J. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the responses to subsequent nicotine administration and withdrawal in adolescence: Serotonin receptors and cell signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31(-11-):2462-2475. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); rat; 1002; 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or sodium bitartrate; no stress (see pg. 2465); teratology; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestational day 4; male, female, 30 days old).

P8270 Eppolito,A.K., Smith,R.F. Long-term behavioral and developmental consequences of pre- and perinatal nicotine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-4-):835-841. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; SC; Rat (pregnant); rat (lactating); 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; no stress (see pg. 839-40); teratology; animal info (female, Long-Evans, gestation day 4-postpartum day 11); "Chronic exposure to prenatal and early postnatal nicotine at a relatively low dose had no effect on maternal weight gain, litter size, or weight gain in pups from P1-P22." (p. 840); "Exposure to nicotine through suckling provides a more natural route of administration." (p. 840).

P8268 Wilmouth,C.E., Spear,L.P. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine in adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-3-):648-657. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 7 days; Controls received sham surgery; functionality of mp verified by plasma continine levels; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 28 days old, 60 days old).

P8256 Hussein,J., Farkas,S., MacKinnon,Y., Ariano,R.E., Sitar,D.S., Hasan,S.U. Nicotine dose-concentration relationship and pregnancy outcomes in rat: Biologic plausibility and implications for future research. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 218(-1-):1-10. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 17-22 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response (fig. 3); no stress (see pg. 5); half-life (pg. 8) shorter in males; teratology; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestation day 2, 350g.).

P8254 Levin,E.D., Lawrence,S., Petro,A., Horton,K., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Increased nicotine self-administration following prenatal exposure in female rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-3-):669-674. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17days; Controls received mp w/ sodium bitartrate; no stress (see pg. 672); teratology; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestation day 4-21).

P8251 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Zislis,G., Wilson,C., Gold,M.S. Antagonism of CRF receptors prevents the deficit in brain reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32(-4-):955-963. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-300g.).

P8247 Smith,L.N., McDonald,C.G., Bergstrom,H.C., Brielmaler,J.M., Eppolito,A.K., Wheeler,T.L., Falco,A.M., Smith,R.F. Long-term changes in fear conditioning and anxiety-like behavior following nicotine exposure in adult versus adolescent rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-1-):91-97. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 15 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium tartrate; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; dose-response (fig 1); animal info (male, female, Long-Evans, 28-42 or 85-99 days old).

P8235 Haddad,G.E., Scheer,A., Clarke,E Jr, Arguinzoni,J.K., Sobrian,S.K. Prenatal cocaine alone and combined with nicotine alters ANG II and IGF-1 induced left atrial contractions in aging male offspring. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2005; 83(-11-):957-965. >>> Nicotine, hydrogentartrate salt; SC; Rat (pregnant); 14 days; Dose-response (table 1); cardiovascular; teratology; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley).

P8207 Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A. Postnatal nicotine and/or intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia effects on apoptotic markers in the developing piglet brainstem medulla. Neuroscience 2006; 142(-1-):107-117. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Water, sterile; IP; Pig (neonate); 2ML2; 11-13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum cotinine; no stress (see p.109); animal info (mixed-breed miniature piglet, 2 days old, male, female, 1.2 kg).

P8197 Metzger,K.L., Maxwell,C.R., Liang,Y.L., Siegel,S.J. Effects of nicotine vary across two auditory evoked potentials in the mouse. Biological Psychiatry 2006; 61(-1-):23-30. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine + cotinine levels; animal info (C57BL/6J, DBA/2 Hsd, 10 weeks old).

P8180 Galanzha,E.I., Chowdhury,P., Tuchin,V.V., Zharov,V.P. Monitoring of nicotine impact in microlymphatics of rat mesentery with time-resolved microscopy. LYMPHOLOGY 2005; 38(-4-):181-192. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of topical administration vs. mp; animal info (male, Fisher, 150-200 grams).

P8161 Balatsouka,D., Gotfredsen,K., Sorensen,L., Lindh,C.H., Berglundh,T. Effect of systemic administration of nicotine on healing in osseous defects. An experimental study in rabbits. Part II. CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH 2006; 17(-5-):488-494. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Water, sterile; SC; Rabbit; 2ML4; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by cotinine plasma levels; long-term study; pumps replaced after 4 weeks; multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (female, New Zealand white, 9-12 months old, 3-4 kg, osseous defects).

P8105 Lockman,P.R., Gaasch,J., McAfee,G., Abbruscato,T.J., Van der Schyf,C.J., Allen,D.D. Nicotine exposure does not alter plasma to brain choline transfer. Neurochemical Research 2006; 31(-4-):503-508. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 1, 14, 21, 28 days; Controls received no treatment;animal info (male, Fischer-344, 220-250g.).

P8091 Josiah,D.T., Vincler,M.A. Impact of chronic nicotine on the development and maintenance of neuropathic hypersensitivity in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2006; 188(-2-):152-161. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML4; 7, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine&cotinine levels; dose-response (fig. 1); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-300g., spinal nerve ligation).

P8048 Liechti,M.E., Markou,A. Interactive effects of the mGlu5 receptor antagonist MPEP and the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 on nicotine self-administration and reward deficits associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 554(-2-3-):164-174. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 grams).

P8025 O'Dell,L.E., Bruijnzeel,A.W., Smith,R.T., Parsons,L.H., Merves,M.L., Goldberger,B.A., Richardson,H.N., Koob,G.F., Markou,A. Diminished nicotine withdrawal in adolescent rats: implications for vulnerability to addiction. Psychopharmacology 2006; 186(-4-):612-619. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7-8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; nicotine plasma levels taken; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin ointment); animal info (male, Wistar).

P7921 Scerri,C., Stewart,C.A., Breen,K.C., Balfour,D.J.K. The effects of chronic nicotine on spatial learning and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into the dentate gyrus of the rat. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):540-546. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 270-340 g); behavioral testing; memory; learning; filter sterilized nicotine.

P7893 Cheng,R.K., Meck,W.H., Williams,C.L. Alpha 7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and temporal memory: Synergistic effects of combining prenatal choline and nicotine on reinforcement-induced resetting of an interval clock. LEARNING&MEMORY 2006; 13(-2-):127-134. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; methyllycaconitine; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; ; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley).

P7886 Jonkman,S., Markou,A. Blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine or dopamine D1-like receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala or the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis does not precipitate nicotine withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 400(-1-2-):140-145. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tortrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4-8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 28 days; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar).

P7867 Malin,D.H., Lake,J.R., Smith,T.D., Khambati,H.N., Meyers-Paal,R.L., Montellano,A.L., Jennings,R.E., Erwin,D.S., Presley,S.E., Perales,B.A. Bupropion attenuates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):494-503. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; bupropion HCL; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute SC injection vs. mp; pumps replaced after 7 days; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 389-468g.).

P7863 Rezvani,A.H., Caldwell,D.P., Levin,E.D. Chronic nicotine interactions with clozapine and risperidone and attentional function in rats. PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY&BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2006; 30(-2-):190-197. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 60 days old, 289g.).

P7835 Vann,R.E., Balster,R.L., Beardsley,P.M. Dose, duration, and pattern of nicotine administration as determinants of behavioral dependence in rats. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):482-493. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7, 12, 14, 15 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 2); dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley); catheter tubing Lynch coil used to deliver 3 days nicotine, followed by 1 day saline, followed by remaining contents of mp (nicotine); compared with continuous nicotine administration.

P7753 French,K.L., Granholm,A.C.E., Moore,A.B., Nelson,M.E., Bimonte-Nelson,H.A. Chronic nicotine improves working and reference memory performance and reduces hippocampal NGF in aged female rats. Behavioural Brain Research 2006; 169(-2-):256-262. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cotinine plasma concentrations; dose-response (fig 1); no stress (see pg. 258); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease); animal info (Fisher-344, female, 24 month old).

P7740 Sekhon,H.S., Song,P.F., Jia,Y.B., Lindstrom,J., Spindel,E.R. Expression of lynx1 in developing lung and its modulation by prenatal nicotine exposure. Cell and Tissue Research 2005; 320(-2-):287-297. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Monkey (pregnant); 2ML4; 19 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced every 3 weeks; post op. care (cefazolin); animal info (female, Rhesus, gestation day 26-160); amniocentesis.

P7724 Huang,Z.G., Griffioen,K.J.S., Wang,X., Dergacheva,O., Kamendi,H., Gorini,C., Bouairi,E., Mendelowitz,D. Differential control of central cardiorespiratory interactions by hypercapnia and the effect of prenatal nicotine. Journal of Neuroscience 2006; 26(-1-):21-29. >>> Nicotine; Saline, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 28 days; Controls received no nicotine exposure; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, adult, gestation day 3); "osmotic mini pumps were chosen to avoid the high plasma nicotine concentrations and subsequent episodic fetal hypoxia-ischemia that can be produced by nicotine injections." (p.22).

P7680 Damaj,M.I. Calcium-acting drugs modulate expression and development of chronic tolerance to nicotine-induced antinociception in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 315(-2-):959-964. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 962).

P7679 Davis,J.A., James,J.R., Siegel,S.J., Gould,T.J. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine administration impairs contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-38-):8708-8713. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 2 weeks; Functionality of mp verified by nicotine plasma levels; animal info (C57BL/6, 8-12 weeks old).

P7669 Lindblom,N., de Villiers,S.H.L., Semenova,S., Kalayanov,G., Gordon,S., Schilstroem,B., Johansson,A.M., Markou,A., Svensson,T.H. Active immunisation against nicotine blocks the reward facilitating effects of nicotine and partially prevents nicotine withdrawal in the rat as measured by dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens, brain reward thresholds and somatic signs. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 372(-3-):182-194. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; half-life (pg. 192); dependence; post op. care (bacitracin); animal info (male, Wistar 250-300 g, 450-650 g).

P7632 Barik,J., Wonnacott,S. Indirect modulation by alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of noradrenaline release in rat hippocampal slices: Interaction with glutamate and GABA systems and effect of nicotine withdrawal. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 69(-2-):618-628. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-320 g).

P7591 Goktalay,G, Cavun,S., Levendusky,M.C., Hamilton,J.R., Millington,W.R. Glycyl-glutamine inhibits nicotine conditioned place preference and withdrawal. European Journal of Pharmacology 2006; 530(-1-2-):95-102. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; Rat; 2001; 4-7 days; Controls recived mp w/ saline; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-300g).

P7541 Cheng,S.Y., Glazkova,D., Serova,L., Sabban,E.L. Effect of prolonged nicotine infusion on response of rat catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes to restraint and cold stress. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2005; 82(-3-):559-568. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality verified by plasma nicotine levels; dose-response (table 2); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-300 g).

P7533 Hafstrom,O., Milerad,J., Sandberg,K.L., Sundell,H.W. Cardiorespiratory effects of nicotine exposure during development. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY&NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 149(-1-3-):325-341. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); monkey (pregnant); mice (pregnant); sheep (pregnant); rat, mice, monkey, sheep (lamb); 28 days; Half-life (p. 327) 54 min in rats, 2-2.5 hours in humans, 5-7 min. in mice; teratology; "Most studies of prenatal nicotine exposure have been performed in rats using maternal continuous subcutaneous infusions by osmotic minipumps (ALZET) of nicotine bitartrate". (p. 326)..

P7522 Paterson,N.E., Bruijnzeel,A.W., Kenny,P.J., Wright,C.D., Froestl,W., Markou,A. Prolonged nicotine exposure does not alter GABAB receptor-mediated regulation of brain reward function. Neuropharmacology 2005; 49(-7-):953-962. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced at day 14; post op. care (antibacterial ointment); animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350g).

P7520 Mugnaini,M., Garzotti,M., Sartori,I., Pilla,M., Repeto,P., Heidbreder,C.A., Tessari,M. Selective down-regulation of 125IY0-alpha-conotoxin MII binding in rat mesostriatal dopamine pathway following continuous infusion of nicotine. Neuroscience 2006; 137(-2-):565-572. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of acute SC injection vs. mp; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar 250-300 g).

P7475 Qiao,D., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Oxidative mechanisms contributing to the developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine and chlorpyrifos. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 206(-1-):17-26. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1007D; 1002; 7, 15 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; dose-response (fig. 5); toxicology; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, 30 days old, male and female).

P7456 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Markou,A. Decreased sensitivity to the effects of dopamine D1-like, but not D2-like, receptor antagonism in the posterior hypothalamic region/anterior ventral tegmental area on brain reward function during chronic exposure to nicotine in rats. Brain Research 2005; 1058(-1-2-):91-100. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 6-28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 g).

P7433 Rezvani,A.H., Caldwell,D.P., Levin,E.D. Nicotinic-serotonergic drug interactions and attentional performance in rats. Psychopharmacology 2005; 179(-3-):521-528. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (female, sprague dawley, 60 days old).

P7402 Hawkins,B.T., Egleton,R.D., Davis,T.P. Modulation of cerebral microvascular permeability by endothelial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005; 289(-1-):H212-H219. >>> Nicotine; mecamylamine; hexamethonium; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; blood pressure taken.

P7381 Faraday,M.M., Blakeman,K.H., Grunberg,N.E. Strain and sex alter effects of stress and nicotine on feeding, body weight, and HPA axis hormones. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2005; 80(-4-):577-589. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; plasma levels taken; animal info (male and female, Sprague Dawley, Long Evans, 49 days old, 171-230 g); "surgery took approximately 4 minutes per subject." P. 579.

P7363 Evans,C., Wang,J., Neff,R., Mendelowitz,D. Hypoxia recruits a respiratory-related excitatory pathway to brainstem premotor cardiac vagal neurons in animals exposed to prenatal nicotine. Neuroscience 2005; 133(-4-):1073-1079. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 28 days; Teratology, SIDS.

P7362 McDonald,C.G., Dailey,V.K., Bergstrom,H.C., Wheeler,T.L., Eppolito,A.K., Smith,L.N., Smith,R.F. Periadolescent nicotine administration produces enduring changes in dendritic morphology of medium spiny neurons from nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience Letters 2005; 385(-2-):163-167. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 1002; 2004; 6 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced at two weeks with the 2004 model; "5.6 mglkglday was chosen to provides plasma nicotine levels comparable to those seen in human smokers." p. 164; bahavioral study.

P7359 Ciani,E., Severi,S., Bartesaghi,R., Contestabile,A. Neurochemical correlates of nicotine neurotoxicity on rat habenulo-interpeduncular cholinergic neurons. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26(-3-):467-474. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 4, 7 days; Comparison of IP injections vs. sc mp.

P7320 Balatsouka,D., Gotfredsen,K., Lindh,C.H., Berglundh,T. The impact of nicotine on bone healing and osseointegration - An experimental study in rabbits. CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH 2005; 16(-3-):268-276. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Water, sterile; SC; Rabbit; 2ML4; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by plasma cotinine levels; long-term study; pumps replaced after 4 weeks.

P7317 Chen,H., Parker,S.L., Matta,S.G., Sharp,B.M. Gestational nicotine exposure reduces nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) expression in dopaminergic brain regions of adolescent rats. European Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 22(-2-):380-388. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Sodium tartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 32 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced; teratology.

P7286 Balatsouka,D., Gotfredsen,K., Lindh,C.H., Berglundh,T. The impact of nicotine on osseointegration - An experimental study in the femur and tibia of rabbits. CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH 2005; 16(-4-):389-395. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; water, sterile; SC; Rabbit; 2ML4; 2 months; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by plasma cotinine levels; long-term study; pumps replaced at 4 weeks; multiple pumps per animal (2); post op. care (streptocillin, temgesic); titanium implants in femur and tibia.

P7279 Lockman,P.R., McAfee,G., Geldenhuys,W.J., Van der Schyf,C.J., Abbruscato,T.J., Allen,D.D. Brain uptake kinetics of nicotine and cotinine after chronic nicotine exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 314(-2-):636-642. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Functionality of mp verified by nicotine (HPLC) and cotinine (enzyme immunoassay) levels; mp primed 24 hours in 37 degrees celsius saline.

P7276 Lockman,P.R., Van der Schyf,C.J., Abbruscato,T.J., Allen,D.D. Chronic nicotine exposure alters blood-brain barrier permeability and diminishes brain uptake of methyllycaconitine. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005; 94(-1-):37-44. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cotinine levels; good methods; mp primed 24 hours in 37 degrees celsius saline.

P7270 Jonkman,S., Henry,B., Semenova,S., Markou,A. Mild anxiogenic effects of nicotine withdrawal in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005; 516(-1-):40-45. >>> Nicotine tartrate; nicotine free base; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 2); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 42) 5 of the mice receiving the highest dose of nicotine showed damage to the outer skin, most likely due to the high acidity of the nicotine; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin zinc ointment).

P7258 Levin,E.D., Tizabi,Y., Rezvani,A.H., Caldwell,D.P., Petro,A., Getachew,B. Chronic nicotine and dizocilpine effects on regionally specific nicotinic and NMDA glutamate receptor binding. Brain Research 2005; 1041(-2-):132-142. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; MK-801; Saline; SC; Rat; 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; MK-801 is also known as dizocilpine.

P7256 Kenny,P.J., Markou,A. Conditioned nicotine withdrawal profoundly decreases the activity of brain reward systems. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-26-):6208-6212. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin ointment).

P7238 Abdel-Rahman,A., Dechkovskaia,A.M., Sutton,J.M., Chen,W.C., Guan,X.R., Khan,W.A., bou-Donia,M.B. Maternal exposure of rats to nicotine via infusion during gestation produces neurobehavioral deficits and elevated expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebellum and CA1 subfield in the offspring at puberty. Toxicology 2005; 209(-3-):245-261. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 16 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see 249); teratology; toxicology; "No sign of overt toxicity was observed in any group of mothers or offspring throughout the experimental period." (p. 249); "Nicotine delivery via osmotic minipump offers an alternative approach, whereby the episodic peak of plasma nicotine levels and resultant hypoxic episodes and stress of repeated injection can be avoided." (p. 246).

P7234 Grilli,M., Parodi,M., Raiteri,M., Marchi,M. Chronic nicotine differentially affects the function of nicotinic receptor subtypes regulating neurotransmitter release. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005; 93(-5-):1353-1360. >>> Nicotine hydrogen bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P7198 Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A., Tinworth,K.D. Effects of postnatal nicotine exposure on apoptotic markers in the developing piglet brain. Neuroscience 2005; 132(-2-):325-333. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; water, sterile; IP; Pig (neonate); 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cotinine levels in serum and urine; no stress (see pg. 326); post op. care (cephalexin).

P7150 Proskocil,B.J., Sekhon,H.S., Clark,J.A., Lupo,S.L., Jia,Y.B., Hull,W.M., Whitsett,J.A., Starcher,B.C., Spindel,E.R. Vitamin c prevents the effects of prenatal nicotine on pulmonary function in newborn monkeys. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2005; 171(-9-):1032-1039. >>> Nicotine; Water; SC; Monkey (pregnant); 2ML4; 134 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced every three weeks; teratology; post op. care (antiobiotic, twice a day for 3 days).

P7144 Miyauchi,M., Qu,Z.L., Miyauchi,Y., Zhou,S.M., Pak,H., Mandel,W.J., Fishbein,M.C., Chen,P.S., Karagueuzian,H.S. Chronic nicotine in hearts with healed ventricular myocardial infarction promotes atrial flutter that resembles typical human atrial flutter. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005; 288(-6-):H2878-H2886. >>> Nicotine; SC; Dog (mongrel); 2ML4; 28 days; Functionality of mp verified by nicotine plasma levels; MRI; multiple pumps per animal (2).

P7141 Rassoulpour,A., Wu,H.Q., Albuquerque,E.X., Schwarcz,R. Prolonged nicotine administration results in biphasic, brain-specific changes in kynurenate levels in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-4-):697-704. >>> Nicotine bitartrate salt; PBS; SC; Rat; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp.

P7134 breu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A., Slotkin,T.A. Does prenatal nicotine exposure sensitize the brain to nicotine-induced neurotoxicity in adolescence?. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(--):1440-1450. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 1002, 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; teratology; dependence.

P7064 Luo,Z., Costy-Bennett,S., Fregosi,R.E. Prenatal nicotine exposure increases the strength of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of respiratory rhythm in neonatal rats. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2004; 561(-2-):387-393. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ physiological saline; no stress (see pg. 389); teratology; post op. care (buprenorphine, penicillin).

P7019 Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J., Qiao,D., Aldridge,J.E., Tate,C.A., Cousins,M.M., Proskocil,B.J., Sekhon,H.S., Clark,J.A., Lupo,S.L., Spindel,E.R. Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on primate brain development and attempted amelioration with supplemental choline or vitamin C: Neurotransmitter receptors, cell signaling and cell development biomarkers in fetal brain regions of rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-1-):129-144. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Monkey (pregnant); 2ML4; 130 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; long-term study; pumps replaced every 3 weeks; teratology; "the infusion model used here is an appropriate simulation of continuous nicotine delivery as is typical of transdermal nicotine patches, ...and smokers (who) tend to maintain a steady-state nicotine plasma level" (pg. 141).

P6981 Hawkins,B.T., Abbruscato,T.J., Egleton,R.D., Brown,R.C., Huber,J.D., Campos,C.R., Davis,T.P. Nicotine increases in vivo blood-brain barrier permeability and alters cerebral microvascular tight junction protein distribution. Brain Research 2004; 1027(-1-2-):48-58. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 1,7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by nicotine and cotinine plasma levels; post op. care (gentamycin).

P6970 Shoaib,M., Bizarro,L. Deficits in a sustained attention task following nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2005; 178(-2-3-):211-222. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline, isotonic; NaOH; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; nicotine plasma levels taken; dose-response (p. 9); dependence; behavioral study.

P6938 Cormier,A., Paas,Y., Zini,R., Tillement,J.P., Lagrue,G., Changeux,J.P., Grailhe,R. Long-term exposure to nicotine modulates the level and activity of acetylcholine receptors in white blood cells of smokers and model mice. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2004; 66(-6-):1712-1718. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P6900 Berrendero,F., Mendizabal,V., Robledo,P., Galeote,L., Bilkei-Gorzo,A., Zimmer,A., Maldonado,R. Nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and physical dependence are decreased in mice lacking the preproenkephalin gene. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-5-):1103-1112. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 2001; 6 days; Dependence.

P6898 Cohen,G., Roux,J.C., Grailhe,G., Malcolm,G., Changeux,J.P., Lagercrantz,H. Perinatal exposure to nicotine causes deficits associated with a loss of nicotinic receptor function. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2005; 102(-10-):3817-3821. >>> Nicotine; SC; Mice (pregnant); 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ water; half-life (p. 3820), 5-10 minutes; teratology.

P6891 Salas,R., Pieri,F., De Biasi,M. Decreased signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice null for the beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-45-):10035-10039. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; pump incorrectly stated as a 1004.

P6880 Mechawar,N., Saghatelyan,A., Grailhe,R., Scoriels,L., Gheusi,G., Gabellec,M.M., Lledo,P.M., Changeux,J.P. Nicotinic receptors regulate the survival of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2004; 101(-26-):9822-9826. >>> Nicotine; SC; Mice; 2004; 21 days; Controls received mp w/ saline.

P6859 Huang,Z.G., Wang,X., Evans,C., Gold,A., Bouairi,E., Mendelowitz,D. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the types of nicotinic receptors that facilitate excitatory inputs to cardiac vagal neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 2004; 92(-4-):2548-2554. >>> Nicotine; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); ; Controls received no exposure; teratology.

P6855 Razani-Boroujerdi,S., Singh,S.P., Knall,C., Hahn,F.F., Pena-Philippides,J.C., Kalra,R., Langley,R.J., Sopori,M.L. Chronic nicotine inhibits inflammation and promotes influenza infection. Cellular Immunology 2004; 230(-1-):1-9. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; mice; 2004; 23-28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; influenza.

P6853 Stier,CT Jr, Serova,L.I., Singh,G., Sabban,E.L. Stress triggered rise in plasma aldosterone is lessened by chronic nicotine infusion. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 495(-2-3-):167-170. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 169); cardiovascular.

P6846 Balerio,G.N., Aso,E., Berrendero,F., Murtra,P., Maldonado,R. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases somatic and motivational manifestations of nicotine withdrawal in mice. European Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 20(-10-):2737-2748. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 2001; 2002; 6, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P6844 Slotkin,T.A., Cousins,M.M., Seidler,F.J. Administration of nicotine to adolescent rats evokes regionally selective upregulation of CNS alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Brain Research 2004; 1030(-1-):159-163. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1002; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate.

P6837 Slotkin,T.A., Southard,M.C., Adam,S.J., Cousins,M.M., Seidler,F.J. alpha 7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors targeted by cholinergic developmental neurotoxicants: nicotine and chlorpyrifos. Brain Research Bulletin 2004; 64(-3-):227-235. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels.

P6763 Beer,A., Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J., Aldridge,J.E., Yanai,J. Nicotine therapy in adulthood reverses the synaptic and behavioral deficits elicited by prenatal exposure to phenobarbital. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-1-):156-165. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; Mice; 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium bitartrate; no stress (see pg.157); teratology.

P6759 Shoaib,M., Lowe,A.S., Williams,S.C.R. Imaging localised dynamic changes in the nucleus accumbens following nicotine withdrawal in rats. NEUROIMAGE 2004; 22(-2-):847-854. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; MRI.

P6753 Nguyen,H.N., Rasmussen,B.A., Perry,D.C. Binding and functional activity of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in selected rat brain regions are increased following long-term but not short-term nicotine treatment. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004; 90(-1-):40-49. >>> Nicotine, free base; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2002; 2 weeks; 16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; post op. care (topical antibiotics).

P6738 Neff,R.A., Simmens,S.J., Evans,C., Mendelowitz,D. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters central cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia in rats: Implications for sudden infant death syndrome. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-42-):9261-9268. >>> Nicotine; Saline, bacteriostatic; Rat (pregnant); 28 days; Controls received no prenatal exposure; "Osmotic minipumps were chosen to avoid the high plasma nicotine concentrations and subsequent episodic fetal hypoxia-ischemia that can be produced by nicotine injections." (9262-3); SIDS.

P6727 Rezvani,A.H., Levin,E.D. Nicotine-antipsychotic drug interactions and attentional performance in female rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 486(-2-):175-182. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks.

P6686 Semenova,S., Markou,A. Clozapine treatment attenuated somatic and affective signs of nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in subsets of rats exhibiting hyposensitivity to the initial effects of clozapine. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 54(-11-):1249-1264. >>> Nicotine tartrate; amphetamine; clozapine; HCL; saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced every 7 days for the 14 day study infusing clozapine; dependence; "in this experiment involving three pump implantations each pump was placed in a different part of the rats' body (left or right side of the back of the animal or at the shoulder area)." p. 1252; behavioral study.

P6651 Xu,Z.J., Seidler,F.J., Tate,C.A., Garcia,S.J., Slikker,W.Jr, Slotkin,T.A. Sex-selective hippocampal alterations after adolescent nicotine administration: Effects on neurospecific proteins. NICOTINE&TOBACCO RESEARCH 2003; 5(-6-):955-960. >>> Nicotine; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; "Unlike injected nicotine, the infusion of nicotine via osmotic minipumps does not cause any overt signs of hypoxia-ischemia, such as blanching of the skin or cyanosis." p. 956.

P6631 Simakajornboon,N., Vlasic,V., Li,H., Sawnani,H. Effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response and protein kinase C expression in caudal brain stem of developing rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004; 96(-6-):2213-2219. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; "This implantable minipump has been shown to allow for a steady-state infusion of nicotine at the dose mimicking the plasma levels found in smokers and users of transdermal nicotine patches." (p. 2214).

P6594 Xu,Z., Seidler,F.J., Ali,S.F., Slikker Jr,W., Slotkin,T.A. Fetal and adolescent nicotine administration: effects on CNS serotonergic systems. Brain Research 2001; 914(--):166-178. >>> Nicotine, bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); rat (adolescent); 1002; 2ML2; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium batartrate; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; dose-response (fig.1); teratology; dependence.

P6531 Keyler,D., Pentel,P.R., Kuehl,G., Collins,G., Murphy,S.E. Effects of nicotine infusion on the metabolism of the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone (NNK) in rats. Cancer Letters 2003; 202(-1-):1-9. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 2 weeks; 26 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; nicotine plasma levels taken; comparison of SC acute (26 hour) infusion vs. SC chronic (2 week) infusion; 2ML2 pumps used for the 26 hour infusion.

P6500 Vaglenova,J., Birru,S., Pandiella,N.M., Breese,C.R. An assessment of the long-term developmental and behavioral teratogenicity of prenatal nicotine exposure. Behavioural Brain Research 2004; 150(-1-2-):159-170. >>> Nicotine base; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat (pregnant); 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg.161); teratology; dependence.

P6473 Hafstroem,O., Milerad,J., Sundell,H.W. Postnatal nicotine exposure does not further compromise hypoxia defense mechanisms in prenatally nicotine-exposed lambs. Acta Paediatrica 2004; 93(-4-):545-551. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Sheep (lamb); sheep (pregnant); 2ML4; 21,50 days; Pumps replaced after 28 days in pregnant sheep, after approx. 10 days in lambs; teratology.

P6448 Abreu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Tate,C.A., Cousins,M.M., Slotkin,T.A. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the response to nicotine administration in adolescence: Effects on cholinergic systems during exposure and withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(-5-):879-890. >>> Nicotine; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (neonate); 1002; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; 1002's used in neonatal rats and 2ML2 pumps were used in adult rats.

P6444 Navarro,H.A., Basta,P.V., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Short-term adolescent nicotine exposure in rats elicits immediate and delayed deficits in T-lymphocyte function: Critical periods, patterns of exposure, dose thresholds. NICOTINE&TOBACCO RESEARCH 2003; 5(-6-):859-868. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, sterile; SC; Rat; 1007D; 8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p.863); comparison of bolus injections vs. SC mp.

P6388 Nguyen,H.N., Rasmussen,B.A., Perry,D.C. Subtype-selective up-regulation by chronic nicotine of high-affinity nicotinic receptors in rat brain demonstrated by receptor autoradiography. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 307(-3-):1090-1097. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P6353 Kane,V.B., Fu,Y.T., Matta,S.G., Sharp,B.M. Gestational nicotine exposure attenuates nicotine-stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell of adolescent Lewis rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2004; 308(-2-):521-528. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ sodium bitartrate; teratology.

P6335 Mugnaini,M., Tessari,M., Tarter,G., Pich,E.M., Chiamulera,C., Bunnemann,B. Upregulation of [H-3] methyllycaconitine binding sites following continuous infusion of nicotine, without changes of alpha 7 or alpha 6 subunit mRNA: an autoradiography and in situ hybridization study in rat brain. European Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 16(-9-):1633-1646. >>> Nicotine ditartrate salt; Saline; NaOH; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 15 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; brain tissue distribution.

P6268 Semba,J., Wakuta,M., Maeda,J., Suhara,T. Nicotine withdrawal induces subsensitivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stress in rats: implications for precipitation of depression during smoking cessation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29(-2-):215-226. >>> Nicotine; Saline; sodium hydroxide; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 12 days; Controls received mp with neutral tartrate solution; pumps were removed to terminate infusion exactly on the 12th day.

P6256 Paterson,N.E., Markou,A. Prolonged nicotine dependence associated with extended access to nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 2004; 173(-1-2-):64-72. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 1 week; Dependence; post op. care (topical iodine); lists nicotine dependence dose for infusion.

P6254 Bishop,C., Parker,G.C., Coscina,D.V. Systemic nicotine alters whole-body fat utilization in female rats. PHYSIOLOGY&BEHAVIOR 2004; 80(-4-):563-567. >>> Nicotine; Tartaric acid; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days.

P6222 Abreu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Impact of adolescent nicotine exposure on adenylyl cyclase-mediated cell signaling: enzyme induction, neurotransmitter-specific effects, regional selectivities, and the role of withdrawal. Brain Research 2003; 988(-1-2-):164-172. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1002; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; dependence.

P6213 Fewell,J.E., Eliason,H.L. Fetal exposure to nicotine does not alter the core temperature response of 7-to 8-week-old rats to intracerebroventricular administration of PGE1. PHYSIOLOGY&BEHAVIOR 2002; 77(-2-3-):269-275. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 14-16 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology.

P6210 Faraday,M.M., O'Donoghue,V.A., Grunberg,N.E. Effects of nicotine and stress on locomotion in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans male and female rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2003; 74(-2-):325-333. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2002; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; "the entire surgical procedure including anethesia took approximately 4 min per subject." (p.327).

P6173 Roy,T.S, Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Evokes Alterations of Cell Structure in Hippocampus and Somatosensory Cortex. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2001; 300(-1-):124-133. >>> Nicotine, bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; "Unlike injected nicotine, the infusion of nicotine via osmotic minipumps does not cause any overt signs of hypoxia/ischemia, such as blanching of the skin or cyanosis." p. 125.

P6170 Cohen,C., Bergis,O.E, Galli,F. SSR591813, a Novel Selective and Partial Nicotinic Receptor Agonist with Potential as an Aid to Smoking Cesation.. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 306(-1-):407-420. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P6108 Damaj,M.I., Kao,W., Martin,B.R. Characterization of spontaneous and precipitated nicotine withdrawal in the mouse. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 307(-2-):526-534. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 2002; 2004; 7,14,28, 56 days; Pumps replaced every 28 days for the 2 month study; dependence.

P6102 Martinez-Rodriguez,R., Toledano,A., Alvarez,M.I., Turegano,L., Colman,O., Roses,P., de Segura,I.G., De Miguel,E. Chronic nicotine administration increases NGF-like immunoreactivity in frontoparietal cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2003; 73(-5-):708-716. >>> Nicotine; Saline; IP; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; dependence.

P6094 Abreu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Qiao,D., Tate,C.A., Cousins,M.M., Thillai,I., Slotkin,T.A. Short-term adolescent nicotine exposure has immediate and persistent effects on cholinergic systems: Critical periods, patterns of exposure, dose thresholds. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28(-11-):1935-1949. >>> Nicotine; Water, saline; SC; Rat; 1007D; 7 days; Comparison of sc injections vs sc mp.

P6006 Pausova,Z., Paus,T., Sedova,L., Berube,J. Prenatal exposure to nicotine modifies kidney weight and blood pressure in genetically susceptible rats: A case of gene-environment interaction. Kidney International 2003; 64(-3-):829-835. >>> Nicotine; saline; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 17 days; Teratology.

P5992 Semenova,S., Bespalov,A., Markou,A. Decreased prepulse inhibition during nicotine withdrawal in DBA/2J mic e is reversed by nicotine self-administration. European Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 472(-1-2-):99-110. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice; 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; wound closed with wound clips; post op. care (antibacterial bacitracin zink ointment applied to incision area).

P5987 Neff,R.A., Wang,J.J., Baxi,S., Evans,C., Mendelowitz,D. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia - Endogenous activation of nicotinic receptors mediates respiratory modulation of brainstem cardioinhibitory parasympathetic neurons. Circulation Research 2003; 93(-6-):565-572. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 28 days; Teratology; SID's disease; "osmotic minipumps were chosen to avoid the high plasma nicotine concentrations&subsequent episodic fetal hypoxia/ischemia that can be produced by nicotine injections." p. 566.

P5958 Elliott,B.M., Faraday,M.M., Grunberg,N.E. Effects of nicotine on heart dimensions and blood volume in male and female rats. NICOTINE&TOBACCO RESEARCH 2003; 5(-3-):341-348. >>> Nicotine, dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 344,5); dose references.

P5926 Cryan,J.F., Bruijnzeel,A.W., Skjei,K.L., Markou,A. Bupropion enhances brain reward function and reverses the affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2003; 168(-3-):347-358. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Dependence; post op. care (povidone-iodine ointment).

P5925 Skjei,K.L., Markou,A. Effects of repeated withdrawal episodes, nicotine dose, and duration of nicotine exposure on the severity and duration of nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2003; 168(-3-):280-292. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 2ML4; 4 weeks; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; two doses used; dependence; post op. care (wound covered w/ povidone-iodine ointment); pumps contained varied doses.

P5914 Kenny,P.J., Gasparini,F., Markou,A. Group II metabotropic and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA)/kainate glutamate receptors regulate the deficit in brain reward function associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 306(-3-):1068-1076. >>> Nicotine; Water, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; guide cannula&stylet used.

P5886 Hafstrom,O., Milerad,J., Sundell,H.W. Prenatal nicotine exposure blunts the cardiorespiratory response to hypoxia in lambs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2002; 166(-12-):1544-1549. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; SC; Sheep (pregnant); 2ML4; 49 days; Functionality of mp verified by plasma levels taken; pumps replaced once; teratology; cardiovascular; sudden infant death syndrome.

P5868 Wickstrom,H.R., Mas,C., Simonneau,M., Holgert,H., Hokfelt,T., Lagercrantz,H. Perinatal nicotine attenuates the hypoxia-induced up-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and galanin mRNA in locus ceruleus of the newborn mouse. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH 2002; 52(-5-):763-769. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; sodium hydroxide; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 14 days; Dependence; some controls received previously used pumps; other controls implanted with a sealed bulb of similar size and shape of pumps; "an advantage of this delivery protocol (with pumps) is that nicotine levels in the bloodstream remain fairly constant..."(p.328).

P5779 Akhter,M.P., Iwaniec,U.T., Haynatzki,G.R., Fung,Y.K., Cullen,D.M., Recker,R.R. Effects of nicotine on bone mass and strength in aged female rats. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2003; 21(-1-):14-19. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2004; 12 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced every 4 weeks; "minipumps were used to eliminate stress associated with multiple daily injections" (p.18).

P5776 Davila-Garcia,M.I., Musachio,J.L., Kellar,K.J. Chronic nicotine administration does not increase nicotinic receptors labeled by [(125) I] epibatidine in adrenal gland, superior cervical ganglia, pineal or retina. Journal of Neurochemistry 2003; 85(-5-):1237-1246. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Rat; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; 200 uL pump model.

P5740 Berrendero,F., Kieffer,B.L., Maldonado,R. Attenuation of nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and dependence in mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 22(-24-):10935-10940. >>> Nicotine; SC; Mice; 2004; 6 days; Functionality of mp verified by serum and urine levels of nicotine by RIA; dependence.

P5703 Sobrian,S.K., Marr,L., Ressman,K. Prenatal cocaine and/or nicotine exposure produces depression and anxiety in aging rats. PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY&BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2003; 27(-3-):501-518. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 14 days; Teratology.

P5691 Sarasin,A., Schlumpf,M., Muller,M., Fleischmann,L., Lauber,M.E., Lichtensteiger,W. Adrenal-mediated rather than direct effects of nicotine as a basis of altered sex steroid synthesis in fetal and neonatal rat. REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2003; 17(-2-):153-162. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Tartaric acid; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2001; 1 week; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; toxicology.

P5685 Cormier,A., Morin,C., Zini,R., Tillement,J.P., Lagrue,G. Nicotine protects rat brain mitochondria against experimental injuries. Neuropharmacology 2003; 44(-5-):642-652. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; rotenone; Saline; DMSO; PEG; SC; IV (jugular); Rat; 2001; 2002; 2ML2; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 2; p. 647); neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease); 50% DMSO: 50% PEG vehicle for rotenone; multiple pumps per animal (2); rotenone dissolved in 50/50 DMSO/PEG and delivered via 2ML2 pumps; nicotine dissolved in saline and delivered via 2001 and 2002 pumps..

P5682 Heeschen,C., Weis,M., Cooke,J.P. Nicotine promotes arteriogenesis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003; 41(-3-):489-496. >>> Nicotine; fibroblast growth factor, basic; PBS; IA (iliac); Rabbit; 2ML2; 18 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle..

P5679 Wong,T., Wickstrom,R., Holgert,H. Chronic prenatal nicotine exposure alters enkephalin mRNA regulation in the perinatal rat adrenal medulla. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH 2003; 53(-5-):814-816. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; IP; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology..

P5661 Feitelson,J.B.A., Rowell,P.P., Roberts,C.S., Fleming,J.T. Two week nicotine treatment selectively increases bone vascular constriction in response to norepinephrine. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2003; 21(-3-):497-502. >>> Nicotine; PBS; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; nicotine plasma levels checked..

P5640 Bishop,C., Parker,G.C., Coscina,D.V. Nicotine and its withdrawal modify dorsal raphe 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin feeding. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2003; 74(-4-):961-967. >>> Nicotine; Tartaric acid; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle..

P5631 Verbois,S.L., Scheff,S.W., Pauly,J.R. Chronic nicotine treatment attenuates alpha 7 nicotinic receptor deficits following traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2003; 44(-2-):224-233. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 7 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle..

P5627 Suzuki,J., Bayna,E., Dalle Molle,E., Lew,W.Y.W. Nicotine inhibits cardiac apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003; 41(-3-):482-488. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 7-10 days; Controls received mp/ w vehicle; cardiovascular; inhibiting cardiac apoptosis..

P5622 Sundell,H.W., Karmo,H., Milerad,J. Impaired cardiorespiratory recovery after laryngeal stimulation in nicotine-exposed young lambs. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH 2003; 53(-1-):104-112. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Mice; 2001; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; behavioral parameters studied.

P5549 LeSage,M.G., Keyler,D.E., Shoeman,D., Raphael,D., Collins,G., Pentel,P.R. Continuous nicotine infusion reduces nicotine self-administration in rats with 23-h/day access to nicotine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 72(-1-2-):279-289. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 2, 4 weeks; Both an external pump and ALZET pumps used.

P5517 Bishop,C., Parker,G.C., Coscina,D.V. Nicotine and its withdrawal alter feeding induced by paraventricular hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y in Sprague-Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology 2002; 162(-3-):265-272. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Tartaric acid, buffered; SC; Rat; 2002; 14 days.

P5493 Martinez-Gonzalez,D., Prospero-Garcia,O., Mihailescu,S., Drucker-Colin,R. Effects of nicotine on alcohol intake in a rat model of depression. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 72(-1-2-):355-364. >>> Nicotine; Saline; sodium hydroxide; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks.

P5442 Iwahashi,M., Matsuzaki,H., Tokuhashi,Y., Wakabayashi,K., Uematsu,Y. Mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration caused by nicotine in rabbits to explicate intervertebral disc disorders caused by smoking. Spine 2002; 27(-13-):1396-1401. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rabbit; 8 weeks; Functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels, pumps replaced after 4 weeks.

P5418 Xu,Z., Seidler,F.J., Cousins,M.M., Slikker,W.Jr, Slotkin,T.A. Adolescent nicotine administration alters serotonin receptors and cell signaling mediated through adenylyl cyclase. Brain Research 2002; 951(-2-):280-292. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1002; 17.5 days; No stress (see pg. 281); "Unlike injected nicotine, the infusion of nicotine via osmotic minipumps does not cause any overt signs of hypoxia/ischemia, such as blanching of the skin or cyanosis." (p. 281).

P5412 Tzavara,E.T., Monory,K., Hanoune,J., Nomikos,G.G. Nicotine withdrawal syndrome: behavioural distress and selective up-re gulation of the cyclic AMP pathway in the amygdala. European Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 16(-1-):149-153. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 14 days; Dependence.

P5262 Faraday,M.M., Elliott,B.M., Grunberg,N.E. Adult vs. adolescent rats differ in biobehavioral responses to chronic nicotine administration. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav. 2001/12; 70(-4-):475-489. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 21-22 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress; "This route of drug administration avoids the stress of repeated injections." (p.476).

P5225 Fewell,J.E., Eliason,H.L., Crisanti,K.C. Prenatal exposure to nicotine attenuates stress-induced hyperthermia in 7- to 8-week-old rats upon exposure to a novel environment. Physiol Behav. 2001/11; 74(-4-5-):595-601. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 14-16 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality verified by maternal nicotine serum levels; no stress (p. 600); teratology.

P5128 Narayanan,U., Birru,S., Vaglenova,J., Breese,C.R. Nicotinic receptor expression following nicotine exposure via maternal milk. NeuroReport 2002; 13(-7-):961-963. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat (lactating); 15 days; teratology; model not specified but 28-day pump used.

P5072 Ise,Y., Narita,M., Nagase,H., Suzuki,T. Modulation of kappa-opioidergic systems on mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats. Neuroscience Letters 2002; 323(--):164-166. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; dependence.

P4959 Rada,P., Jensen,K., Hoebel,B.G. Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine-induced withdrawal on extracellular dopamine and acetylcholine in the rat nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 2001; 157(--):105-110. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Buffered saline; SC; rat; 2001; controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute sc injections vs. mp; brain tissue distribution; dependence; Mecamylamine, a nicotine antagonist, injected to produce withdrawal..

P4946 Trauth,J.A., McCook,E.C., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Modeling adolescent nicotine exposure: effects on cholinergic systems in rat brain regions. Brain Research 2000; 873(--):18-25. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; Sodium bitartrate; SC; rat; 1002; 17.5 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; comparison of sc injections vs. mp p. 19; no stress (see p. 19); brain tissue distribution; "It should be noted that the pump, marketed as a 2-week infusion device, actually takes approximately 17.5 days to be exhausted (information supplied by manufacturer) and thus the nicotine infusion terminates on (day 17.5)". p. 19..

P4918 Little,H.J., Clark,A., Lindgren,S., Brooks,S.P., Watson,W.P., Little,H.J. Chronic infusion of nicotine can increase operant self-administration of alcohol. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41(--):108-117. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P4891 Ghosheh,O.A., Dwoskin,L.P., Miller,D.K., Crooks,P.A. Accumulation of nicotine and its metabolites in rat brain after intermittent or continuous peripheral administration of [2 '-C-14] nicotine. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2001; 29(--):645-651. >>> Nicotine; Saline; Radio-isotopes; C14 tracer; SC; rat; 1003D; 1007D; 2001D; 2002; 2004; 1-21 days; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; dose response (Fig. 3A p. 648); "Continuous drug administration affords equilibrium conditions between central and peripheral compartments and eliminates the peaks and troughs in circulating blood levels that occur with intermittent injections." p. 645; brain tissue distribution.

P4888 Irvine,E.E., Cheeta,S., Marshall,M., File,S.E. Different treatment regimens and the development of tolerance to nicotine's anxiogenic effects. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2001; 68(--):769-776. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 4 or 28 days; functionality of mp verified by nicotine plasma levels; comparison of sc and ip injections vs. mp; dose response (table p. 773); tolerance; dependence; p. 770 pumps manipulated by hand within sc pouch to prevent connective tissue from impairing infusion. Anxiogenic effects..

P4881 Zhang,L.H., Meguid,M.M., Miyata,G., Varma,M., Fetissov,S.O. Role of hypothalamic monoamines in nicotine-induced anorexia in menopausal rats. Surgery 2001; 130(--):133-142. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P4848 Tuncok,Y., Hieda,Y., Keyler,D.E., Brown,S., Ennifar,S., Fattom,A., Pentel,P.R. Inhibition of nicotine-induced seizures in rats by combining vaccination against nicotine with chronic nicotine infusion. EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2001; 9(-2-):228-234. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 7 days; functionality of mp verified by serum nicotine levels; dose response (graph p. 231); immunology.

P4847 Turegano,L., Martinez-Rodriguez,R., Alvarez,M.I., Gragera,R.R., de Segura,A.G., De Miguel,E., Toledano,A. Histochemical study of acute and chronic intraperitoneal nicotine effects on several glycolytic and Krebs cycle dehydrogenase activities in the frontoparietal cortex and subcortical nuclei of the rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2001; 64(--):626-635. >>> Nicotine; Saline; IP; rat; 2ML2; 15 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; tolerance..

P4846 Iwaniec,U.T., Fung,Y.K., Akhter,M.P., Haven,M.C., Nespor,S., Haynatzki,G.R., Cullen,D.M. Effects of nicotine on bone mass, turnover, and strength in adult female rats. Calcified Tissue International 2001; 68(--):358-364. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2004; 3 months; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum nicotine levels; dose response (graphs p. 360); long-term study, pumps replaced every 30 days..

P4843 Klein,L.C. Effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on opioid consumption and neuroendocrine responses in adult male and female rats. EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2001; 9(-3-):251-261. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 19 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P4831 Carstens,E., Anderson,K.A., Simons,C.T., Carstens,M.I., Jinks,S.L. Analgesia induced by chronic nicotine infusion in rats - Differences by gender and pain test. Psychopharmacology 2001; 157(--):40-45. >>> Nicotine;; Saline;; IV (jugular);; rat;; 2ML2;; 2 weeks;; Functionality of mp verified by previous study results, pump content after sacrifice; dose-response (p. 42); no stress (p. 41); Nicotine was in its free base form;.

P4823 Fewell,J.E., Smith,F.G., Ng,V.K.Y. Threshold levels of maternal nicotine impairing protective responses of newborn rats to intermittent hypoxia.. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001; 90(--):1968-1976. >>> Nicotine tartrate;; Water, sterile;; SC;; rat (pregnant);; 2ML4;; 28 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum nicotine levels; dose-response (graph on p. 1970); teratology;.

P4809 Patel,T.C., Erulkar,J.S., Grauer,J.N., Troiano,N.W., Panjabi,M.M., Friedlaender,G.E. Osteogenic protein-1 overcomes the inhibitory effect of nicotine on posterolateral lumbar fusion.. Spine 2001; 26(-15-):1656-1661. >>> Nicotine;; SC;; rabbit;; 2ML4;; 5 weeks;; Functionality of mp verified by serum nicotine levels;.

P4807 Fewell,J.E., Smith,F.G., Ng,V.K.Y. Prenatal exposure to nicotine impairs protective responses of rat pups to hypoxia in an age-dependent manner.. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 127(--):61-73. >>> Nicotine tartrate;; SC;; rat (pregnant);; 2ML4;; 28 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology;.

P4777 Gerzanich,V., Zhang,F.Y., West,G.A., Simard,J.M. Chronic nicotine alters NO signaling of Ca2+ channels in cerebral arterioles.. Circulation Research 2001; 88(--):359-365. >>> Nicotine tartrate;; Saline;; rat;; 2002;; 15 - 22 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by nicotine plasma levels; nicotine's relationship to stroke predisposition..

P4774 Carlson,J., Noguchi,K., Ellison,G. Nicotine produces selective degeneration in the medial habenula and fasciculus retroflexus.. Brain Research 2001; 906(--):127-134. >>> Nicotine tartrate;; SC;; rat;; 2ML1;; 5 days;; Controls received sham pellet; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; comparison of SC injections vs. mp;.

P4768 Pietila,K., Ahtee,L. Chronic nicotine administration in the drinking water affects the striatal dopamine in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 66(-1-):95-103. >>> Nicotine;; SC;; mice;; 5-21 days;; Comparison of SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; dependence; chronic infusion vs. acute intermittent administration;.

P4748 Iwaniec,U.T, Fung,Y.K., Cullen,D.M, Akhter,M.P, Haven,M.C, Schmid,M  Calcif.Tissue Int. 2000; 67(--):68-74. >>> Nicotine tartrate;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2004;; 2-3 months;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum nicotine levels via gas chromatography; long-term study, pumps replaced every 30 days; low (3.0 mg/kg.day) or high dose (4.5 mg/kg.day); bone density strength;.

P4709 Bancroft,A, Levin,E.D. Ventral hippocampal a4b2 nicotinic receptors and chronic nicotine effects on memory.. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39(--):2770-2778. >>> Nicotine ditartrate;; Saline;; CSF/CNS (hippocampus);; rat;; 2ML4;; 4 weeks;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; bilateral cannulation; dummy cannula used to maintain patency;.

P4680 Hieda,Y, Keyler,D.E, Ennifar,S, Fattom,A, Pentel,P.R  International Journal of Immunopharmacology 2000; 22(--):809-819. >>> Nicotine bitartrate;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2ML4;; 11 weeks;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of chronic bolus injections vs. mp; long-term study, pumps replaced after 4 and 8 weeks; immunology; dependence;.

P4665 Kalra,R, Singh,S.P, Savage,S.M., Finch,G.L, Sopori,M.L. Effects of cigarette smoke on immune response: Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke impairs antigen-mediated signaling in T cells and depletes IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores.. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2000; 293(-1-):166-171. >>> Nicotine base;; SC;; rat;; 3-4 weeks;; immunology;.

P4631 Fung,Y.K., Mendlik,M.G, Haven,M.C, Akhter,M.P, Kimmel,D.B  Pharmacology and Toxicology 1998; 82(--):243-249. >>> Nicotine tartrate;; Saline, sterile;; SC;; rat;; 2004;; 2 months;; controls received mp w/ saline; long-term study, pumps replaced after 30 days; toxicology; post op. care (incision covered w/ mycitracin antibiotic and lidocaine).

P4629 Faraday,M.M, Rahman,M.A., Scheufele,P.M, Grunberg,N.E. Nicotine administration impairs sensory gating in Long-Evans rats.. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1998; 61(-3-):281-289. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride;; Saline, physiological;; SC;; rat;; 2002;; 14 days;; controls received mp w/ vehicle;.

P4626 Trauth,J.A, Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Persistent and delayed behavioral changes after nicotine treatment in adolescent rats.. Brain Research 2000; 880(--):167-172. >>> Nicotine bitartrate;; SC;; rat;; 1002;; 17 days;; controls received mp w/vehicle; no stress (see pg. 168); "Unlike injected nicotine, the infusion of nicotine via osmotic minipumps does not cause any overt signs of hypoxia/ischemia, such as blanching of the skin or cyanosis." p. 168;.

P4603 Suzuki,T, Ise,Y., Maeda,J., Misawa,M. Mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rat strains.. European Journal of Pharmacology 1999; 369(--):159-162. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; dependence; control group received no pump implantation;.

P4599 Bláha,V, Yang,Z.-J., Meguid,M, Chai,J.-K., Zadák,Z  Acta Medica 1998; 41(--):167-173. >>> Nicotine;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; controls received mp w/vehicles;.

P4539 Fewell,J.E., Tang,P.A  J.Appl.Physiol. 1997; 83(-5-):1612-1616. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate;; Water, sterile;; SC;; rat (pregnant);; 2ML4;; 13-15 days;; controls received mp w/vehicle; dose response (P. 1613-1614);.

P4361 Levin,E.D., Christopher,N.C., Weaver,T., Moore,J., Brucato,F. Ventral hippocampal ibotenic acid lesions block chronic nicotine-induced spatial working memory improvement in rats. Cognitive Brain Research 1999; 7(--):405-410. >>> Nicotine ditartrate;; Saline, sterile;; SC;; rat;; 2ML4;; 4 weeks;; controls received mp with vehicle;.

P4356 Nomikos,G.G., Hildebrand,B.E., Panagis,G., Svensson,T.H. Nicotine withdrawal in the rat: role of a7 nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area. NeuroReport 1999; 10(-4-):697-702. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate;; Saline; NaOH;; SC;; rat;; 2ML2;; 14 days;; controls received empty pumps; dependence;.

P4350 Carboni,E., Bortone,L., Giua,C., Di Chiara,G. Dissociation of physical abstinence signs from changes in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and in the prefrontal cortex of nicotine dependent rats. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2000; 58(--):93-102. >>> Nicotine tartrate;; NaOH;; SC;; rat;; 9 days;; controls received sealed plastic tubes ~same size as mps; dependence;.

P4341 Duelli,R., Staudt,R., Maurer,M.H., Kuschinsky,W. Local transport kinetics of glucose during acute and chronic nicotine infusion in rat brains;. J.Neural Transm. 1998; 105(--):1017-1028. >>> Nicotine, L-;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; controls received mp with saline; comparison of acute infusions vs. mp;.

P4268 Heinrichs,S.C., Lapsansky,J., Behan,D.P., Chan,R.K.W., Sawchenko,P.E., Lorang,M., Ling,N., Vale,W.W., De Souza,E.B. Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein ligand inhibitor blunts excessive weight gain in genetically obese Zucker rats and rats during nicotine withdrawal. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1996/12; 93(--):15475-15480. >>> Nicotine tartrate salt; Corticotropin-rel. factor, 6-33;; Saline; SC; CSF/CNS;; rat; 2001; 2002;; 14 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used; recomb. human corticotropin releasing factor used; dummy cannula maintained cannula patency during one week recovery period; after 14 day SC nicotine infusion, r/h CRF (6-33) was infused ICV.

P4261 Zbuzek,V.K., Zbuzek,V. Effect of pre-and postnatal nicotine exposure on vasopressinergic system in rats. Dev.Brain Research 1999; 112(--):229-235. >>> Nicotine free base; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; controls received mp w/vehicle.

P4190 Malin,D.H., Lake,J.R., Shenoi,M., Upchurch,T.P., Johnson,S.C., Schweinle,W.E., Cadle,C.D. The nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) attenuates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat. Psychopharmacology 1998; 140(--):371-377. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; dependence.

P4184 Grunberg,N.E., Popp,K.A., Winders,S.E. Effects of nicotine on body weight in rats with access to "junk" foods. Psychopharmacology 1988; 94(--):536-539. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 17 days; controls received mp w/saline.

P4183 Grunberg,N.E., Bowen,D.J. The role of physical activity in nicotine's effects on body weight. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1985; 23(--):851-854. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 18-22 days; controls received mp w/saline; dose-response.

P4182 Bowen,D.J., Eury,S.E., Grunberg,N.E. Nicotine's effects on female rats' body weight: caloric intake and physical activity. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1986; 25(--):1131-1136. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 18-22 days; controls received mp w/saline; dose-response; no stress (p. 1132); "this infusion technique provides constant, chronic levels of nicotine without the trauma of several daily injections" (p. 1132).

P4181 Monteggia,L.M., Arneric,S.P., Giordano,T. Nicotine effects on the regulation of amyloid precursor protein splicing, neurotrophin and glucose transporter RNA levels in aged rats. Int.J.Devl.Neuroscience 1994; 12(-2-):133-142. >>> Nicotine free base; SC; rat; 2ML4; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline.

P4178 Epping-Jordan,M.P., Watkins,S.S., Koob,G.F., Markou,A. Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal. Nature 1998; 393(--):76-79. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; dependence.

P4175 Fewell,J.E., Smith,F.G. Perinatal nicotine exposure impairs ability of newborn rats to autoresuscitate from apnea during hypoxia. J.Appl.Physiol. 1998; 85(-6-):2066-2074. >>> Nicotine; Water, sterile; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; toxicology; teratology.

P3953 Silcox,D.H., Boden,S.D., Schimandle,J.H., Johnson,P., Whitesides,T.E., Hutton,W.C. Reversing the inhibitory effect of nicotine on spinal fusion using an osteoinductive protein extract. Spine 1998; 23(-3-):291-297. >>> Nicotine; SC; rabbit; 2ML4; 5, 10 weeks; long-term study, pumps replaced every 17 days; no stress (see pg. 293); stress/adverse reaction: wound infection (pg. 293).

P3950 Hildebrand,B.E., Nomikos,G.G., Hertel,P., Schilstrom,B., Svensson,T.H. Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Brain Research 1998; 779(--):214-225. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; dependence; microdialysis.

P3947 Shacka,J.J., Robinson,S.E. Exposure to prenatal nicotine transiently increases neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit a7, a4, and B2 messenger RNAs in the postnatal rat brain. Neuroscience 1998; 84(-4-):1151-1161. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; SC; rat (pregnant); 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; teratology; no stress; "Osmotic minipumps were chosen as the gestational nicotine delivery device in order to reduce the stress and fetal hypoxia associated with repeated daily s.c. nicotine injections." (pg. 1152).

P3946 Helton,D.R., Tizzano,J.P., Monn,J.A., Schoepp,D.D., Kallman,M.J. LY354740: a metabolic glutamate receptor agonist which ameliorates symptoms of nicotine withdrawal in rats. Neuropharmacology 1997; 36(-11/12-):1511-1516. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 12 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; dependence.

P3945 O'Neill,A.B., Morgan,S.J., Brioni,J.D. Histological and behavioral protection by (-)-nicotine against quinolinic acid-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. Neurobiol.of Learning and Memory 1998; 69(--):46-64. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 17 days; controls received mp w/saline; functionality of mp verified by nicotine plasma levels; dose-response.

P3944 Duelli,R., Staudt,R., Grunwald,F., Kuschinsky,W. Increase of glucose transporter densities (glut 1 and glut 3) during chronic administration of nicotine in rat brain. Brain Research 1998; 782(--):36-42. >>> Nicotine, L-; SC; rat; 2001; 1 week; controls received mp w/saline; no stress (see pg. 38); brain tissue distribution.

P3943 Shacka,J.J., Fennell,O.B., Robinson,S.E. Prenatal nicotine sex-dependently alters agonist-induced locomotion and stereotypy. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 1997; 19(-6-):467-476. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; SC; rat (pregnant); 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; no stress (see pg. 470); toxicology; teratology; "Osmotic minipumps were used to avoid the hypoxia, ischemia, and stress of repeated daily injections." (pg. 467).

P3942 Rasmussen,K., Czachura,J.F. Nicotine withdrawal leads to increased sensitivity of serotonergic neurons to the 5-HT1a agonist 8-OH-DPAT. Psychopharmacology 1997; 133(--):343-346. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; SC; rat; 2ML2; 12 days; controls received mp w/saline; no stress (see pg. 344); dependence.

P3930 Slotkin,T.A., McCook,E.C., Seidler,F.J. Cryptic brain cell injury caused by fetal nicotine exposure is associated with persistent elevations of c-fos protooncogene expression. Brain Research 1997; 750(--):180-188. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML1; 2ML2; 8, 17 days; controls received mp w/ water and sodium bitartrate; no stress (see pg. 182); teratology.

P3910 Decker,M.W., Bannon,A.W., Curzon,P., Gunther,K.L., Brioni,J.D., Holladay,M.W., Lin,N.-H., Li,H., Daanen,J.F., Buccafusco,J.J., Prendergast,M.A., Jackson,W.J., Arneric,S.P. ABT-089 [2-methyl-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine dihydrochloride]: II. a novel cholinergic channel modulator with effects on cognitive performance in rats and monkeys. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1997; 283(-1-):247-258. >>> ABT-089; Nicotine bitartrate; Water, sterile; SC; rat; 2002; 2ML4; 2, 4 weeks; controls received mp w/saline; dose-response; comparison of IP and IM injections vs. mp; "ABT-089 appeared to be more effective after several days of continuous s.c. administration than after acute administration." (pg. 255).

P3896 Yang,C.-Y., Wu,W.-H., Zbuzek,V.K. The effect of chronic nicotine and its withdrawal on ED50 inspired halothane requirement in rats. Acta Anesthesiol.Sin. 1997; 35(--):73-77. >>> Nicotine free base; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; controls received sham operation; dependence.

P3887 Rasmussen,K., Kallman,M.J., Helton,D.R. Serotonin-1A antagonists attenuate the effects of nicotine withdrawal on the auditory startle response. Synapse 1997; 27(--):145-152. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 2ML2; 12 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; dependence.

P3886 Wang,L., Kittaka,M., Sun,N., Schreiber,S.S., Zlokovic,B.V. Chronic nicotine treatment enhances focal ischemic brain injury and depletes free pool of brain microvascular tissue plasminogen activator in rats. J.Cereb.Blood Flow Metab. 1997; 17(--):136-146. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; functionality of mp verified by nicotine and cotinine levels in plasma; no stress (see pp. 137, 139); good methods (pg. 137); ischemia (cerebral).

P3885 Fung,Y.K., Lau,Y.-S. Chronic effects of nicotine on mesolimbic dopaminergic system in rats. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1992; 41(-1-):57-63. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; no stress (see pg. 61).

P3884 Clement,B.J.A., Fung,Y.K. Effect of nicotine administration on calcium absorption in rat duodenum. Pharmaceutical Sciences 1995; 1(--):67-69. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; controls received mp w/saline; no stress (see pg. 68).

P3862 Ulrich,Y.M., Hargreaves,K.M., Flores,C.M. A comparison of multiple injections versus continuous infusion of nicotine for producing up-regulation of neuronal [3H]-epibatidine binding sites. Neuropharmacology 1997; 36(-8-):1119-1125. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 10 days; controls received mp w/saline; comparison of sc injections vs mp; no stress (see pg. 1119); "In addition to its convenience,...(mp) eliminates the large peaks and troughs in circulating drug levels...(and) avoids any stress to the animal due to repetitive injections." (pg. 1119).

P3770 Tizabi,Y., Popke,E.J., Rahman,M.A., Nespor,S.M., Grunberg,N.E. Hyperactivity induced by prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with an increase in cortical nicotinic receptors. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1997; 58(-1-):141-146. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline, physiological; SC; rat (pregnant); 2002; no duration posted; controls received mp w/saline.

P3716 Popke,E.J., Tizabi,Y., Rahman,M.A., Nespor,S.M., Grunberg,N.E. Prenatal exposure to nicotine: effects on prepulse inhibition and central nicotinic receptors. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1997; 58(-4-):843-849. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline, physiological; SC; rat (pregnant); 2002; 18 days; controls received mp w/saline; teratology.

P3664 Fung,Y.K. Postnatal effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the striatal dopaminergic system in rats. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1989; 41(--):576-578. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline, sterile isotonic; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML4; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ sterile physiological saline; functionality of mp verified by maternal blood levels of nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine; teratology.

P3618 Zahalka,E.A., Seidler,F.J., Yanai,J., Slotkin,T.A. Fetal nicotine exposure alters ontogeny of M(1)-receptors and their link to G-proteins. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 1993; 15(--):107-115. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 16 days; controls received mp w/ water and sodium bitartrate; toxicology; teratology.

P3585 Bamford,O.S., Schuen,J.N., Carroll,J.L. Effect of nicotine exposure on postnatal ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Respir Physiol 1996; 106(--):1-11. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML4; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ saline; teratology.

P3560 Pratesi,G., Cervi,S., Balsari,A., Bondiolotti,G., Vicentini,L.M. Effect of serotonin and nicotine on the growth of a human small cell lung cancer xenograft. Anticancer Res. 1996; 16(--):3615-3620. >>> Serotonin; Nicotine; Water; Acetic acid; SC; mice (nude); 2002; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ vehicle; cancer (lung).

P3537 Thomas,G.A.O., Pullan,R.D., Zijlstra,F.J., Rankin,B.J., Russell,M.A.H., Feyerabend,C., Allen,A., Rhodes,J. Effect of nicotine on large bowel mucus thickness, eicosanoids and faecal proteinase in ferrets. Eur.J.Gerontol.&Hepatology 1997; 9(--):179-182. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; ferret; 2ML2; 10 days; controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response.

P3524 Levin,E.D., Wilkerson,A., Jones,J.P., Christopher,N.C., Briggs,S.J. Prenatal nicotine effects on memory in rats: pharmacological and behavioral challenges. Dev.Brain Research 1996; 97(--):207-215. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 16 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P3519 Levin,E.D., Briggs,S.J., Christopher,N.C., Rose,J.E. Prenatal nicotine exposure and cognitive performance in rats. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 1993; 15(--):251-260. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; no duration posted.

P3518 Shoaib,M., Thorndike,E., Schindler,C.W., Goldberg,S.R. Discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine and chronic tolerance. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1997; 56(-2-):167-173. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; manufacturer's note: model 2401 mentioned in text, may be the 2001.

P3516 Rasmussen,K., Czachura,J.F., Kallman,M.J., Helton,D.R. The CCK-B antagonist LY288513 blocks the effects of nicotine withdrawal on auditory startle. NeuroReport 1996; 7(--):1050-1052. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; SC; rat; 2ML2; 12 days; no comment posted.

P3510 Frankish,H.M., Dryden,S., Wang,Q., Bing,C., MacFarlane,I.A., Williams,G. Nicotine administration reduces neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y mRNA concentrations in the rat hypothalamus: NPY may mediate nicotine's effect on energy balance. Brain Research 1995; 694(--):139-146. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline, isotonic; SC; rat; 2002; 1,12 days; controls received mp w/ saline.

P3504 Levin,E.D., Torry,D. Acute and chronic nicotine effects on working memory in aged rats. Psychopharmacology 1996; 123(--):88-97. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; controls received vehicle infusion; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; dependence.

P3500 Blum,M., Wu,G., Mudo,G., Belluardo,N., Andersson,K., Agnati,L.F., Fuxe,K. Chronic continuous infusion of (-)nicotine reduces basic fibroblast growth factor messenger RNA levels in the ventral midbrain of the intact but not of the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat. Neuroscience 1995; 70(-1-):169-177. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; rat; 2002; 1,2 weeks; controls received mp w/ saline.

P3486 Suzuki,T., Ise,Y., Tusda,M., Maeda,J., Misawa,M. Mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 314(--):281-284. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received sham operations.

P3485 Hildebrand,B.E., Nomikos,G.G., Bondjers,C., Nisell,M., Svensson,T.H. Behavioral manifestations of the nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat: peripheral versus central mechanisms. Psychopharmacology 1997; 129(--):348-356. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received sham operations.

P3464 Rasmussen,K., Czachura,J.F. Nicotine withdrawal leads to increased firing rates of midbrain dopamine neurons. NeuroReport 1995; 7(--):329-332. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 2ML2; 12 days; controls received saline infusion.

P3402 Geng,Y., Savage,S.M., Johnson,L.J., Seagrave,J.C., Sopori,M.L. Effects of nicotine on the immune response. I. Chronic exposure to nicotine impairs antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in lymphocytes. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 1995; 135(--):268-278. >>> Nicotine base; Cotinine; Saline, sterile; rat; 2ML4; 3-4 weeks; antidepressant; controls received mp w/saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume and serum levels; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; half-life of nicotine in serum is 3-9 minutes (p.269); immunology; toxicology.

P3372 Geng,Y., Savage,S.M., Razani-Boroujerdi,S., Sopori,M.L. Effects of nicotine on the immune response II. Chronic nicotine treatment induces T cell anergy. J.Immunol. 1996; 156(--):2384-2390. >>> Nicotine base; Cotinine; SC; rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; antidepressant; controls received mp w/saline; immunology.

P3354 Hiremagalur,B., Sabban,E.L. Nicotine elicits changes in expression of adrenal catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, neuropeptide Y and immediate early genes by injection but not continuous administration. Mol.Brain Research 1995; 32(--):109-115. >>> Nicotine; Saline, isotonic; SC; rat; 2002; 1-27 days; controls received mp w/saline; comparison of SC injections vs. mp.

P3353 Sobrian,S.K., Ali,S.F., Slikker Jr,W., Holson,R.R. Interactive effects of prenatal cocaine and nicotine exposure on maternal toxicity, postnatal developments and behavior in the rat. Molec.Neurobiol. 1995; 11(-1-3-):121-143. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; toxicology; teratology.

P3346 Chen,Y., Ogren,S.-O., Bjelke,B., Bolme,P., Eneroth,P., Gross,J., Loidl,F., Herrera-Marschitz,M., Andersson,K. Nicotine treatment counteracts perinatal asphyxia-induced changes in the mesostriatal/limbic dopamine systems and in motor behavior in the four-week-old male rat. Neuroscience 1995; 68(-2-):531-538. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; rat; 2002; 4 weeks; controls received mp w/saline; pumps replaced at 14 days.

P3334 Fung,Y.K., Schmid,M.J., Anderson,T.M., Lau,Y.-S. Effects of nicotine withdrawal on central dopaminergic systems. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1996; 53(-3-):635-640. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; half-life of app. 2 hrs (p.638).

P3301 Levin,E.D., Briggs,S.C., Christopher,N.C., Rose,J.E. Chronic nicotine stimulation and blockade effects on working memory. Behav.Pharmacology 1993; 4(--):179-182. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Mecamylamine HCl; SC; rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; no comment posted.

P3297 Riebel,G.D., Boden,S.D., Whitesides,T.E., Hutton,W.C. The effect of nicotine on incorporation of cancellous bone graft in an animal model. Spine 1995; 20(-20-):2198-2202. >>> Nicotine; SC; rabbit; 4 weeks; controls received mp w/saline; functionality of mp verified by weekly serum levels; serum nicotine levels decreased during course of study.

P3286 Malin,D.H., Lake,J.R., Newlin-Maultsby,P., Roberts,L.K., Lanier,J.G., Carter,V.A., Cunningham,J.S., Wilson,O.B. Rodent model of nicotine abstinence syndrome. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1992; 43(--):779-784. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; no tissue damage seen.

P3265 Malin,D.H., Lake,J.R., Carter,V.A., Cunningham,J.S., Wilson,O.B. Naloxone precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat. Psychopharmacology 1993; 112(--):339-342. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received sham operation.

P3262 Malin,D.H., Lake,J.R., Carter,V.A., Cunningham,J.S., Hebert,K.M., Conrad,D.L., Wilson,O.B. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat. Psychopharmacology 1994; 115(--):180-184. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received sham operations.

P3234 Li,Z., Barrios,V., Buchholz,J.N., Glenn,T.C., Duckles,S.P. Chronic nicotine administration does not affect peripheral vascular reactivity in the rat. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1994; 271(--):1135-1142. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Water, sterile deionized; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; no comment posted.

P3203 Johnson,W.T., Johnson,G.K., Todd,G.L., Fung,Y.K. Effects of systemic and topical nicotine on pulpal blood flow in dogs. Endod.Dent.Traumatol. 1993; 9(--):71-74. >>> Nicotine; SC; dog; 28 days; controls received mp with saline; comparison of topical nicotine vs. mp.

P3179 Watkins,S.S., Stinus,L., Koob,G.F., Markou,A. Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats: centrally and peripherally mediated effects. J Pharmacol Exp.Ther. 2000/3; 292(-3-):1053-1064. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P3177 Mizuno,A., Uematsu,T., Oshima,A., Nakamura,M., Nakashima,M. Analysis of nicotine content of hair for assessing individual cigarette-smoking behavior. Ther.Drug Monitoring 1993; 15(--):99-104. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels.

P3158 Grunberg,N.E., Winders,S.E., Popp,K.A. Sex differences in nicotine's effects on consummatory behavior and body weight in rats. Psychopharmacology 1987; 91(--):221-225. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 16 days; controls received mp with saline.

P3154 Howell,L.L. Effects of caffeine on ventilation during acute and chronic nicotine administration in rhesus monkeys. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1995; 273(-3-):1085-1094. >>> Nicotine; SC; monkey; 2ML4; 4 weeks; controls received mp with saline.

P3092 Winders,S.E., Grunberg,N.E. Effects of nicotine on body weight, food consumption and body composition in male rats. Life Sci. 1990; 46(--):1523-1530. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat; 18 days; controls received mp with saline; no stress (see pg. 1524).

P3042 Wang,L., McComb,J.G., Weiss,M.H., McDonough,A.A., Zlokovic,B.V. Nicotine downregulates a2 isoform of Na,K-ATPase at the blood-brain barrier and brain in rats. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 1994; 199(-3-):1422-1427. >>> Nicotine tartrate; NaCl; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with NaCI.

P3036 Morley,B.J., Garner,L.L. Light-dark variation in response to chronic nicotine treatment and the density of hypothalamic a-bungarotoxin receptors. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1990; 37(--):239-245. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Nicotine dihydrate tartrate; Saline; rat; 2002; 2ML4; no duration posted; controls received mp with saline; dose-response; telemetry used to monitor locomotor activity; stress/adverse reaction: heavier pump may suppress activity (p. 242).

P3006 Fuxe,K., Rosen,L., Lippoldt,A., Andbjer,B., Hasselrot,U., Finnman,U.-B., Agnati,L.F. Chronic continuous infusion of nicotine increases the disappearance of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the cholinergic cell bodies of the medial septal nucleus following a partial unilateral transection of the fimbria fornix. Clin.Investig. 1994; 74(--):262-268. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; rat; 4 weeks; controls received fimbria lesion&mp w/ saline, sham operation&nicotine or sham operation&saline.

P2958 Sanderson,E.M., Drasdo,A.L., McCrea,K., Wonnacott,S. Upregulation of nicotinic receptors following continuous infusion of nicotine is brain-region-specific. Brain Research 1993; 617(--):349-352. >>> Nicotine base; PBS; rat; 2002; 2 weeks; controls received mp with vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels.

P2936 Strohschneider,T., Oberhoff,M., Hanke,H., Hannekum,A., Karsch,K.R. Effect of chronic nicotine delivery on the proliferation rate of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in experimentally induced vascular wall plaques. Clin.Investig. 1994; 72(--):908-912. >>> Nicotine salicylate; SC; rabbit; 7,14 days; controls received no nicotine.

P2890 Wong,D., Ogle,C.W. Chronic parenterally administered nicotine and stress- or ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Eur.J.Pharmacol.- Env.Tox.Pharmacol.Sec. 1995; 292(--):157-162. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 12 days; controls received mp with saline or were unoperated.

P2884 Richardson,S.A, Tizabi,Y. Hyperactivity in the offspring of nicotine-treated rats: role of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1994; 47(--):331-337. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2002; 16 days; controls received mp with saline; good methods; teratology.

P2864 Rhodes,M., Zijlstra,F.J., Bradburn,D.M., Srivastava,E.D., van Dijk,A.P.M., Russell,M.A.H., Van Blankenstein,M., Wilson,J.H.P., Allen,A., Rhodes,J. Effect of nicotine on gallbladder bile. Can.J.Gastroenterol 1994; 8(-5-):333-338. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; rabbit; 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp with saline.

P2860 Passmore,J.C., Jimenez,A.E., Pierce Jr,W.M. Cardiac output and the blood pressure increase in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension after nicotine infusion. Clin.and Exper.Hyper.-Theory and Practice 1991; A13(-1-):83-102. >>> Nicotine; rat; 2ML4; 2.5-3.5 weeks; controls received mp with vehicle.

P2856 Janson,A.M., Hedlund,P.B., Fuxe,K., von Euler,G. Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts dopamine D2 receptor upregulation induced by a partial meso-diencephalic hemitransection in the rat. Brain Research 1994; 655(--):25-32. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received lesions and saline.

P2855 Janson,A.M., Hedlund,P.B., Hillefors,M., von Euler,G. Chronic nicotine treatment decreases dopamine D2 agonist binding in the rat basal ganglia. NeuroReport 1992; 3(--):1117-1120. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline.

P2819 Janson,A.M., Moller,A. Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts nigral cell loss induced by a partial mesodiencephalic hemitransection: an analysis of the total number and mean volume of neurons and glia in substantia nigra of the male rat. Neuroscience 1993; 57(-4-):931-941. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline; authors state that 14 day infusion "has been shown to produce serum nicotine levels similar to those found in smokers"; good description of the combined immunocytochemical and stereological methods for determining unbiased estimate of cells in substantia nigra.

P2739 Gerstenberg,B., Schepers,G., Voncken,P., Volkel,H. Nicotine and cotinine accumulation in pigmented and unpigmented rat hair. Drug Metab.Disp. 1995; 23(-1-):143-148. >>> Nicotine free base; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 21 days; functionality of mp verified by checking remaining volume after infusion was complete and checking urine levels of nicotine.

P2738 Grunfeld,J.A., Tiedemann,G.J., Westerman,R.A. Maternal nicotine exposure enhances cutaneous axon reflexes in the neonatal rat. NeuroReport 1993; 4(--):635-638. >>> Nicotine sulfate; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; teratology.

P2721 Lapchak,P.A., Araujo,D.M., Hefti,F. Cholinergic regulation of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression: evidence from lesion and chronic cholinergic drug treatment studies. Neuroscience 1993; 52(-3-):575-585. >>> Atropine sulfate; Nicotine bitartrate; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/ saline or were unlesioned.

P2655 Brioni,J.D., O'Neill,A.B., Kim,D.J.B., Buckley,M.J., Decker,M.W., Arneric,S.P. Anxiolytic-like effects of the novel cholinergic channel activator ABT-418. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1994; 271(-1-):353-361. >>> ABT-418; Nicotine, S-(-)-; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 14 days; controls received mp w/ sterile saline; comparison of ip injections and oral dosing vs. mp; ABT-418 is a cholinergic channel activator.

P2640 Birnbaum,S.C., Kien,N., Martucci,R.W., Gelzleichter,T.R., Witschi,H., Hendrickx,A.G., Last,J.A. Nicotine- or epinephrine-induced uteroplacental vasoconstriction and fetal growth in the rat. Toxicology 1994; 94(--):69-80. >>> Nicotine free base; Epinephrine acid tartrate; Saline; Ascorbic acid; Water, distilled; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML1; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ saline; toxicology; teratology.

P2621 Acri,J.B. Nicotine modulates effects of stress on acoustic startle reflexes in rats: dependence on dose, stressor and initial reactivity. Psychopharmacology 1994; 116(--):255-265. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 11 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P2599 Acri,J.B., Brown,K.J., Saah,M.I., Grunberg,N.E. Strain and age differences in acoustic startle responses and effects of nicotine in rats. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1995; 50(-2-):191-198. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 13 days; controls received mp w/ saline.

P2500 Acri,J.B., Grunberg,N.E., Morse,D.E. Effects of nicotine on the acoustic startle reflex amplitude in rats. Psychopharmacology 1991; 104(--):244-248. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 10 days; controls received mp w/ saline.

P2454 Helton,D.R., Modlin,D.L., Tizzano,J.P., Rasmussen,K. Nicotine withdrawal: a behavioral assessment using schedule controlled responding, locomotor activity, and sensorimotor reactivity. Psychopharmacology 1993; 113(--):205-210. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 12 days; dependence.

P2433 Slotkin,T.A., McCook,E.C., Lappi,S.E., Seidler,F.J. Altered development of basal and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in brain regions of rats exposed to nicotine prenatally. Dev.Brain Research 1992; 68(--):233-239. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 16 days; controls received mp w/ water and sodium bitartrate; no stress (see pg. 234); teratology.

P2432 Slotkin,T.A., Lappi,S.E., Tayyeb,M.I., Seidler,F.J. Chronic prenatal nicotine exposure sensitizes rat brain to acute postnatal nicotine challenge as assessed with ornithine decarboxylase. Life Sci. 1991; 49(--):665-670. >>> Nicotine, di-bitartrate; Water; Sodium bitartrate; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology.

P2431 Slotkin,T.A., Lappi,S.E., Seidler,F.J. Impact of fetal nicotine exposure on development of rat brain regions: critical sensitive periods or effects of withdrawal?. Brain Res.Bull. 1993; 31(--):319-328. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water; Sodium bitartrate; rat (pregnant); 2ML1; 2ML2; 2ML4; 8,16,35 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology.

P2404 Petro,T.M., Peterson,D.S., Fung,Y.K. Nicotine enhances interleukin production of rat splenic T lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol.Immunotoxicol. 1992; 14(-3-):463-475. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline, sterile physiological; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; dose-response; immunology.

P2395 Hillard,C.J., Pounds,J.J. Effects of chronic nicotine treatment on the accumulation of [3H] Tetraphenylphosphonium by cerebral cortical synaptosomes. J.Neurochem. 1993; 60(-2-):687-695. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by serum levels.

P2378 Nash,J.E., Persaud,T.V.N. Influence of nicotine and caffeine on rat embryonic development. Histol.Histopath. 1988; 3(--):377-388. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology.

P2361 Miao,F.J.-P, Helms,C., Benowitz,N.L., Basbaum,A.I., Heller,P.H., Levine,J.D. Chronically administered nicotine attenuates bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation and aggravates arthritis-induced joint injury in the rat. Neuroscience 1992; 51(-3-):649-655. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; ICI 118,551 Hexamethonium chloride; Saline; Ethanol; SC; rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 16,30 days; comparison of sc injections vs. mp; immunology; ICI-118,551 is a b2-adrenoceptor antagonist; antihypertensive.

P2347 Levin,E.D., Briggs,S.J., Christopher,N.C., Rose,J.E. Sertraline attenuates hyperphagia in rats following nicotine withdrawal. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1993; 44(--):51-61. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 3 weeks; controls received mp with saline.

P2323 Janson,A.M., Fuxe,K., Goldstein,M. Differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine treatment on MPTP-(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) induced degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the black mouse. Clin.Investig. 1992; 70(--):232-238. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Mecamylamine; SC; mice; 2002; 2 weeks; functionality of mp verified by serum levels; comparison of sc injections vs. mp.

P2322 Janson,A.M., Meana,J.J., Goiny,M., Herrera-Marschitz,M. Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts the decrease in extracellular neostriatal dopamine induced by a unilateral transection at the mesodiencephalic junction in rats: a microdialysis study. Neurosci.Lett. 1991; 134(--):88-92. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 2 weeks; controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by serum levels.

P2298 Daftari,T.K., Whitesides,T.E., Heller,J.G., Goodrich,A.C., McCarey,B.E., Hutton,W.C. Nicotine on the revascularization of bone graft - an experimental study in rabbits. Spine 1994; 19(-8-):904-911. >>> Nicotine; SC; rabbit; no duration posted; no comment posted.

P2197 Daeninck,P.J., Messiha,N., Persaud,T.V.N. Intrauterine development in the rat following continuous exposure to nicotine from gestational day 6 through 12. Anat.Anz. 1991; 172(--):257-261. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; teratology.

P2151 Fung,Y.K. Chronic effects of nicotine on mesolimbic dopaminergic system in rats. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1991; 41(--):57-63. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline; no stress (see pg 61).

P2135 Seidler,F.J., Levin,E.D., Lappi,S.E., Slotkin,T.A. Fetal nicotine exposure ablates the ability of postnatal nicotine challenge to release norepinephrine from rat brain regions. Brain Research Dev.Res. 1992; 69(--):288-291. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 16 days; controls received mp with vehicle; toxicology; teratology.

P2126 von Ziegler,N.I., Schlumpf,M., Lichtensteiger,W. Prenatal nicotine exposure selectively affects perinatal forebrain aromatase activity and fetal adrenal function in male rats. Dev.Brain Research 1991; 62(--):23-31. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; Tartaric acid; SC; rat (pregnant); 2001; 2002; 1, 2 weeks; controls received pumps with tartaric acid; teratology.

P2122 Winders,S.E., Dykstra,T., Coday,M.C., Amos,J.C., Wilson,M.R., Wilkins,D.R. Use of phenylpropanolamine to reduce nicotine cessation induced weight gain in rats. Psychopharmacology 1992; 108(--):501-506. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Phenylpropanolamine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 2ML2; 7, 14 days; substance abuse.

P2114 Zahalka,E.A., Seidler,F.J., Lappi,S.E., McCook,E.C., Yanai,J., Slotkin,T.A. Deficits in development of central cholinergic pathways caused by fetal nicotine exposure: differential effects on choline acetyltransferase activity and [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 1992; 14(--):375-382. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 16 days; controls received mp with vehicle; teratology.

P2109 Yang,C.-Y., Wu,W.-H., Zbuzek,V.K. Antinociceptive effect of chronic nicotine and nociceptive effect of its withdrawal measured by hot-plate and tail-flick in rats. Psychopharmacology 1992; 106(--):417-420. >>> Nicotine free base; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels (pg.419); tolerance.

P2034 Kirch,D.G., Taylor,T.R., Creese,I., Xu,S.-X., Wyatt,R.J. Effect of chronic nicotine treatment and withdrawal on rat striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1992; 42(--):89-92. >>> Nicotine free base; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 21 days; dependence.

P2028 Izenwasser,S., Cox,B.M. Inhibition of dopamine uptake by cocaine and nicotine: tolerance to chronic treatments. Brain Research 1992; 573(--):119-125. >>> Cocaine HCl; Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; tolerance.

P1921 Zbuzek,V.K., Zbuzek,V. Effect of chronic nicotine treatment and its withdrawal on the vasopressinergic system in rats. J.Neuroendocrinology 1991; 3(-1-):107-112. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 2ML4; days; weight gain graph compares non-pump implanted controls with saline-pump controls and nicotine-pump treated rats (p. 108).

P1888 Whitescarver,S.A., Roberts,A.M., Stremel,R.W., Jimenez,A.E., Passmore,J.C. Nicotine impairs reflex renal nerve and respiratory activity in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt rats. Hypertension 1991; 17(-2-):179-186. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 2ML4; no duration posted; no comment posted.

P1883 Schrock,H., Kuschinsky,W. Effects of nicotine withdrawal on the local cerebral glucose utilization in conscious rats. Brain Research 1991; 545(--):234-238. >>> Nicotine, L-; Saline; rat; 2002; 14 days; no comment posted.

P1881 Krueger,R.J., Lin,C., Fung,Y.K. Effect of chronic administration of nicotine or cocaine on steroidogenesis in rat adrenocortical cells. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1991; 43(--):200-203. >>> Cocaine HCl; Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; no comment posted.

P1853 Johnson,G.K., Todd,G.L., Fung,Y.K., DuBois,L.M. Effects of topical and systemic nicotine on gingival blood flow in dogs. J.Dent.Res. 1991; 70(-5-):906-909. >>> Nicotine sulfate; SC; dog; 28 days; no comment posted.

P1785 Owman,Ch., Fuxe,K., Janson,A.M., Kahrstrom,J. Chronic nicotine treatment eliminates asymmetry in striatal glucose ultization following unilateral transection of the mesostriatal dopamine pathway in rats. Neurosci.Lett. 1989; 102(--):279-283. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 2002; 2 weeks; no comment posted.

P1770 Fuxe,K., Janson,A.M., Jansson,A., Andersson,K., Eneroth,P., Agnati,L.F. Chronic nicotine treatment increases dopamine levels and reduces dopamine utilization in substantia nigra and in surviving forebrain dopamine nerve terminal systems after a partial di-mesencephalic hemitransection. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 1990; 341(--):171-181. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 2002; 2 weeks; controls received pumps with saline only.

P1662 Fung,Y.K., Lau,Y.-S. Differential effects of chronic nicotine administration on dopaminergic receptor binding sites in rat nigrostriatal and mesolimbic regions. Gen.Pharmacol. 1991; 22(-1-):117-119. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; no comment posted.

P1607 Navarro,H.A., Seidler,F.J., Eylers,J.P., Baker,F.E., Dobbins,S.S., Lappi,S.E., Slotkin,T.A. Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on development of the central and peripheral cholinergic neurotransmitter systems. Evidence for cholinergic trophic influences in developing brain. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1989; 251(-3-):894-899. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; no duration posted; controls received water w/equivalent conc. of sodium bitartrate; toxicology / teratology.

P1541 Fung,Y.K., Lau,Y.-S. Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on rat striatal dopaminergic and nicotinic systems. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1989; 33(--):1-6. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; no duration posted; toxicology/teratology.

P1498 Terres,W., Becker,B.F., Schrodl,W., Gerlach,E. Inhibition of platelet aggregation following chronic in vivo treatment of rats with nicotine: prevention by simultaneous application of propranolol. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 1989; 13(--):223-237. >>> Nicotine; Water; SC; rat; 2002; 8 weeks; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; long-term study; pump replaced every 14 days.

P1497 Fung,Y.K., Lau,Y.-S. Effect of nicotine pretreatment on striatal dopaminergic system in rats. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1989; 32(--):221-226. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 1, 14 days; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels.

P1494 Nwosu,C.G., Godin,C.S., Houdi,A.A., Damani,L.A., Crooks,P.A. Enantioselective metabolism during continuous administration of S-(-)- and R-(+)-nicotine isomers to guinea-pigs. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1988; 40(-12-):862-869. >>> Nicotine, R-(+)-; Nicotine, S-(-)-; Saline; SC; guinea-pig; 2ML4; 23 days; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by urine levels.

P1488 Grunwald,F., Schrock,H., Theilen,H., Biber,A., Kuschinsky,W. Local cerebral glucose utilization of the awake rat during chronic administration of nicotine. Brain Research 1988; 456(--):350-356. >>> Nicotine, L-; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels.

P1462 Fung,Y.K., Lau,Y.S. Acute effect of nicotine on the striatal dopaminergic system in the rat. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1986; 38(--):920-922. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 24 hours; no comment posted.

P1455 Fung,Y.K., Lau,Y.-S. Receptor mechanisms of nicotine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in chronic nicotine-treated rats. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1988; 152(--):263-271. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 1, 5, 14 days; no comment posted.

P1438 Fung,Y.K., Reed,J.A. Effect of nicotine on central GABAergic system. Gen.Pharmacol. 1988; 19(-4-):533-536. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 1, 14 days; no comment posted.

P1413 Berger,M.R., Zeller,W.J  Klin.Wochenschr. 1988; 66(-11-):127-133. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 4 weeks and 10 days; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by serum levels; pump replaced after 2 weeks; cancer.

P1412 Becker,B.F., Terres,W., Kratzer,M., Gerlach,E. Blood platelet function after chronic treatment of rats and guinea pigs with nicotine. Klin.Wochenschr. 1988; 66(-11-):28-36. >>> Nicotine base; Epinephrine bitartrate; Ascorbic acid; Saline; Water; SC; guinea-pig; rat; 2002; 2, 8 weeks; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; long-term study; pump replaced every 2 weeks.

P1407 Ribary,U., Lichtensteiger,W. Effects of acute and chronic prenatal nicotine treatment on central catecholamine systems of male and female rat fetuses and offspring. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1989; 248(-2-):786-792. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Tartaric acid; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; comparison of sc injections vs. mp infusion.

P1403 Johnson,G.K., Fung,Y.K., Fung,Y.K. Effects of systemic administration of nicotine on capillaries in rat oral mucosa. J.Oral Pathol.Med. 1989; 18(--):230-232. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 14 days, 24 hours; no comment posted.

P1395 Myers,T.O., Joyner,W.L., Gilmore,J.P. Extravasation of macromolecules and vascular reactivity of microvessels in response to nicotine in the hamster. Int.J.Microcirc.Clin.Exp. 1988; 7(--):139-153. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; hamster; 2002; 6-8 days; dose-response (table, text); functionality of mp verified by plasma levels.

P1353 Fung,Y.K. Postnatal effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the striatal dopaminergic system in rats. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1988; 41(--):576-578. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; no comment posted.

P1333 Paulson,R., Shanfeld,J., Sachs,L., Ismail,M., Paulson,J. Effect of smokeless tobacco on the development of the CD-1 mouse fetus. Teratogenesis.Carcinog.Mutagen. 1988; 8(--):81-93. >>> Smokeless tobacco extract; Nicotine; Water; SC; mice (pregnant); 2001; 7 days; dose-response (graph); functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; toxicology/teratology; cancer.

P1279 Navarro,H.A., Seidler,F.J., Whitmore,W.L., Slotkin,T.A. Prenatal exposure to nicotine via maternal infusions: effects on development of catecholamine systems. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 224(-3-):940-944. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; rat; 2ML2; 16 days; comparison of sc injections vs. mp infusion.

P1274 Grunberg,N.E., Popp,K.A., Bowen,D.J., Nespor,S.M., Winders,S.E., Eury,S.E. Effects of chronic nicotine administration on insulin, glucose, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Life Sci. 1988; 42(--):161-170. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 2 weeks; controls received mp w/saline; 2 doses of agent infused.

P1230 Gabrielsson,J., Bondesson,U. Constant-rate infusion of nicotine and cotinine. A physiological pharmacokinetic analysis of the cotinine disposition, and effects on clearance and distribution in the rat. J.Pharmacokinet.Biopharm. 1987; 15(-6-):583-600. >>> Cotinine; Nicotine; IV (jugular); rat; 2ML1; 6 days; mp connected to silastic catheter; dose-response (graph); pump primed in saline 2 hours prior to insertion.

P1150 Chajek-Shaul,T., Friedman,G., Dabach,Y., Hollander,G., Bardach,E., Biber,A., Stein,O., Stein,Y. The effect of acute and chronic administration of nicotine on lipoprotein lipase activity. Int.Angiol. 1987; 6(-1-):29-36. >>> Nicotine salicylate; Propranolol; PEG; Sodium salicylate; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 3, 6 12 days; controls rec'd mp w/ Na salicylate; concomitant and simultaneous infusion; PEG is vehicle for propranolol; comparison of sc, ip injections vs. mp infusion; antihypertensive.

P1090 Slotkin,T.A., Orband-Miller,L., Queen,K.L. Development of [3H] nicotine binding sites in brain regions of rats exposed to nicotine prenatally via maternal injections or infusions. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1987; 242(-1-):232-237. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Sodium ditartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; rat; 2ML2; 16 days; author states that although mp is marketed as a 2 wk infusion device it actually lasted 16 days; mp not removed at end of exp.; no infect., skin necrosis, or abnormalities; comparison of sc injections vs. mp infusion; no stress.

P1083 Hexum,T.D., Russett,L.R. Plasma enkephalin-like peptide response to chronic nicotine infusion in guinea pig. Brain Research 1987; 406(-1/2-):370-372. >>> Nicotine; Saline; IA (carotid); guinea-pig; 2002; 10 days; mp connected to indwelling catheter in carotid artery.

P1079 Sershen,H., Banay-Schwartz,M., Dunlop,D.S., Debler,E.A., Reith,M.E.A. Nicotine-induced changes in the metabolism of specific brain proteins. Neurochem.Res. 1987; 12(-2-):197-202. >>> Nicotine; SC; mice; 5 days; mp model not stated; comparison of sc injection vs. acute infusion vs. mp infusion; no vehicle for nicotine specified.

P1030 Murrin,L.C., Ferrer,J.R., Wanyun,Z., Haley,N.J. Nicotine administration to rats: Methodological considerations. Life Sci. 1987; 40(--):1699-1708. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; author praises mp for this kind of study; varying doses of agent infused; no stress (see p. 1700); agent also admin. by food and drinking water.

P0976 Slotkin,T.A., Orband-Miller,L., Queen,K.L., Whitmore,W.L., Seidler,F.J. Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on biochemical development of rat brain regions: Maternal drug infusions via osmotic minipumps. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1987; 240(-2-):602-611. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; rat; 2ML2; 16 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; toxicology; teratology; dose-response; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; stability of nicotine verified; no stress; see pg. 603.

P0948 Grunberg,N.E., Bowen,D.J., Winders,S.E. Effects of nicotine on body weight and food consumption in female rats. Psychopharmacology 1986; 90(--):101-105. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 17 days; controls received mp w/saline; weight gain.

P0748 Grunberg,N.E., Bowen,D.J., Maycock,V.A., Nespor,S.M. The importance of sweet taste and caloric content in the effects of nicotine on specific food consumption. Psychopharmacology 1985; 87(-2-):198-203. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 17 days; no comment posted.

P0745 Lichtensteiger,W., Schlumpf,M. Prenatal nicotine affects fetal testosterone and sexual dimorphism of saccharin preference. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1985; 23(-3-):439-444. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; Tartaric acid; Water; SC; rat (pregnant); 2001; 1 week; controls received mp w/ either saline or tartaric acid.

P0711 Lichtensteiger,W., Schlumpf,M. Steroids and neurotransmitter mechanisms in the prenatal period. In 'Steroid Hormone Regulation of the Brain,' Fuxe, Gustafusson, and Wetterberg, (eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford 1981; (--):161-172. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Ascorbic acid; Tartrate; SC; rat (fetus); 2001; no duration posted; comparison of injections vs. mp infusion; some of controls received mp w/ tartrate; dose-response data (plasma levels).

P0661 Cronan,T., Conrad,J., Bryson,R. Effects of chronically administered nicotine and saline on motor activity in rats. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1985; 22(-5-):897-899. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 8 days; pulsed delivery of nicotine and saline (intermittent w/air, 16 hrs. on, 8 hrs. off); pumps primed in saline; stress/adverse reaction (tissue growth over mp, preventing release of drug).

P0660 Morrow,A.L., Loy,R., Creese,I. Alteration of nicotinic cholinergic agonist binding sites in hippocampus after fimbria transection. Brain Research 1985; 334(-2-):309-314. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; rat; 2 or 4 weeks; mp model not stated; controls received saline-filled silastic implants.

P0546 Seifert,J., Seifert,E., Brechtelsbauer,H., Kurz,C., Thurau,K. The influence of chronic subcutaneous nicotine administration on aldosterone and corticosterone plasma concentrations and the plasma renin activity. Klin.Wochenschr. 1984; 62(-2-):81-85. >>> Nicotine; PBS; SC; rat; 4 weeks; comparison of 2x daily sc injection vs. mp infusion; pumps replaced every 2 weeks; dexamethasone admin. concurrently.

P0545 Holtz,J., Sommer,O., Bassenge,E. Development of specific tolerance to nicotine infusions in dogs on chronic nicotine treatment. Klin.Wochenschr. 1984; 62(-2-):51-57. >>> Nicotine salicylate; Saline; Sodium salicylate; SC; dog; 5-8 weeks; comparison of acute iv infusion/ injec vs. chronic mp infusion; pump replaced every week; long-term study; no stress p. 53; pumping rate verified at 38C; infection at implant site in 1 dog.

P0536 Grunberg,N.E. The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking on food consumption and taste preferences. Addict Behav 1982; 7(--):317-331. >>> Nicotine HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 1702; about 2 weeks; no stress p. 318; dose-response data; possibility of nicotine tolerance due to slow infusion; comparison of animal&human data.

P0530 Grunberg,N.E., Bowen,D.J., Morse,D.E. Effects of nicotine on body weight and food consumption in rats. Psychopharmacology 1984; 83(-1-):93-98. >>> Nicotine HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 1702; 2002; 2-3 weeks; no stress p. 94; dose-response data; states 1702 pumps require a number of days to establish constant drug concentrations.

P0233 Persaud,T.V.N. Further studies on the interaction of ethanol and nicotine in the pregnant rat. Res.Commun.Chem.Pathol.Pharmacol. 1982; 37(-2-):313-316. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 1701; 1 week; teratological effects of nicotine by mp and/or ethanol in diet (to pregnant rats); teratology.

P0185 Hamosh,M., Simon,M.R., Hamosh,P. Effect of nicotine on the development of fetal and suckling rats. Biol.Neonate 1979; 35(--):290-297. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; rat; 7-8 days; comparison of sc injection vs. infusion.

P0134 Abood,L.G., Lowy,K., Booth,H. Acute and chronic effects of nicotine in rats and evidence for a noncholinergic site of action. In 'Cigarette Smoking as a Dependence Process,' N.A.Krasnegor (ed.), NIDA Research Monograph #23, DHEW Pub.#79-800ET 1979; 23(-79-800-):136-149. >>> Nicotine HCl; CSF/CNS; rat; 1701; 10 days; comparison of injections vs. infusion.