References on the Administration of Opioids
Using ALZET® Osmotic Pumps
1. Apomorphine
Q0779 Sarkis,R., Saade,N., Atweh,S., Jabbur,S., Al-Amin,H. Chronic dizocilpine or apomorphine and development of neuropathy in two rat models I: Behavioral effects and role of nucleus accumbens. Experimental Neurology 2011; 228(-1-):19-29. >>> MK-801; apomorphine HCL hemihydrate; Saline; ascorbic acid; CSF/CNS (nucleus accumbens); Rat; 2002; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (adult, female, Sprague Dawley, 200-300 g); post op. care (dexamethasone injections to prevent brain edema); behavioral testing (mechanical allodynia, Paw withdrawal latency, cold allodynia, hotplate test, spontaneous motor activity); cannula placement verified by picomicrograph of brain section; CCI, chronic constriction injury; SNI, spared nerve injury.
P6896 Fornai,F., Schlueter,O.M., Lenzi,P., Gesi,M., Ruffoli,R., Ferrucci,M., Lazzeri,G., Busceti,C.L., Pontarelli,F., Battaglia,G., Pellegrini,A., Nicoletti,F., Ruggieri,S., Paparelli,A., Suedhof,T.C. Parkinson-like syndrome induced by continuous MPTP infusion: Convergent roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and alpha-synuclein. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2005; 102(-9-):3413-3418. >>> MPTP; L-dopa; apomorphine; IP; SC; Mice; 2004; 1-28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease); L-dopa and apomorphine group had SC implanted pumps; route is unclear for the MPTP group; "Continuous MPTP infusions thus recreate a disease state that mimics human PD better than acute MPTP bolus injections." (p. 3417); MPTP group received IP pumps (2004 model), verified by e-mailing author.
P5291 Battaglia,G., Busceti,C.L., Cuomo,L., Giorgi,F.S., Orzi,F., De Blasi,A., Nicoletti,F., Ruggieri,S., Fornai,F. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine rescues nigro-striatal dopaminergic terminals following MPTP injection in mice. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42(-3-):367-373. >>> Apomorphine; Saline; SC; Mice; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of sc bolus injections vs. mp; 20-day stability verified by HPLC (p.368); neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease); "The neurorescue effect of continuous subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine is particularly promising from a clinical standpoint." (p.372).
2. Buprenorphine
Q0846 Yamdeu,R.S., Shaqura,M., Mousa,S.A., Schaefer,M., Droese,J. p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation by Nerve Growth Factor in Primary Sensory Neurons Upregulatesμ-Opioid Receptors to Enhance Opioid Responsiveness Toward Better Pain Control. Anesthesiology 2011; 114(-1-):150-161. >>> Fentanyl propionanilide; buprenorphine hydrochloride; Saline, isotonic; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 96 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male Wistar, 200-250 g); pain.
P9868 Virk,M.S., Arttamangkul,S., Birdsong,W.T., Williams,J.T. Buprenorphine Is a Weak Partial Agonist That Inhibits Opioid Receptor Desensitization. Journal of Neuroscience 2009; 29(-22-):7341-7348. >>> Buprenorphine; DMSO; water; Rat; 2ML1; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma drug levels; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 150-200 g.); 40% DMSO used; "the osmotic minipump delivered buprenorphine efficiently and predictably" pg. 7342.
P9326 Placenza,F.M., Rajabi,H., Stewart,J. Effects of chronic buprenorphine treatment on levels of nucleus accumbens glutamate and on the expression of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats. Psychopharmacology 2008; 200(-3-):347-355. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; ; Controls received sham surgery; animal info (male, Long-Evans, 350-375 g.).
P8265 Sorge,R.E., Stewart,J. The effects of long-term chronic buprenorphine treatment on the locomotor and nucleus accumbens dopamine response to acute heroin and cocaine in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 84(-2-):300-305. >>> Buprenorphine HCL; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14, 28 days; Controls received sham surgery; dose-response (fig. 2); pumps replaced after 14 days; half-life (pg. 300) long half-life; tolerance; animal info (male, Long-Evans, 325-350g.).
P8264 Sorge,R.E., Stewart,J. The effects of chronic buprenorphine on intake of heroin and cocaine in rats and its effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine levels during self-administration. Psychopharmacology 2006; 188(-1-):28-41. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 28 days; Controls received sham surgery; functionality of mp verified by plasma buprenorphine levels; dose-response (fig. 1); pumps replaced after 14 days; no stress (see pg. 29); dependence; animal info (male, Long-Evans, 300-350g.).
P7423 Sorge,R.E., Rajabi,H., Stewart,J. Rats maintained chronically on buprenorphine show reduced heroin and cocaine seeking in tests of extinction and drug-induced reinstatement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-9-):1681-1692. >>> Buprenorphine; CSF/CNS (nucleus accumbens); Rat; 2ML2; ; Controls received incision and pocket, no pump; dependence; post op. care (antibiotic injection); animal info (male, long-evans, 350-375 g); Plastics One 20G cannula used.
P7403 D'Elia,M., Patenaude,J., Hamelin,C., Garrel,D.R., Bernier,J. Corticosterone binding globulin regulation and thymus changes after thermal injury in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2005; 288(-5-):E852-E860. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Mice; 12 hours; Pain treatment.
P7118 Gilberto,D.B., Motzel,S.L., Bone,A.N., Burns,C.L., Zeoli,A.H., Lodge,K.E., Goode,T.L. Use of three infusion pumps for postoperative administration of buprenorphine or morphine in dogs. JAVMA 2002; 220(-11-):1655-1660. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Dog; 2ML1; 48 hours; Animal info (young adult, beagle or mixed breed, 8.4-12.8 kg); Functionality of mp verified by residual volume and serum buprenorphine levels; comparison of infudisk, pegasus vs. ALZET vs. mp; multiple pumps per animal (3,4); mp primed overnight in sterile saline; paper provides list of most possible negative outcomes. Upon pump removal the incisions were closed with tissue glue; ALZET pump was the most cost effective method; wound clips used.
P6955 Patenaude,J., D'Elia,M., Hamelin,C., Garrel,D., Bernier,J. Burn injury induces a change in T cell homeostasis affecting preferentially CD4+ T cells. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2005; 77(-2-):141-150. >>> Buprenorphine; Mice; 1,5,10 days.
P6947 Martucci,C., Panerai,A.E., Sacerdote,P. Chronic fentanyl or buprenorphine infusion in the mouse: similar analgesic profile but different effects on immune responses. Pain 2004; 110(-1-2-):385-392. >>> Fentanyl; buprenorphine; Water; SC; Mice; 2001D; 3,7 days; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; citation may have incorrectly labeled a 2001 pump as the 2001D. "The drugs were delivered with osmotic minipumps, that allowed to reach steady plasma drug concentration for a prolonged period of time, resembling the transdermal route of administration in the human." (p. 386).
P6850 Hou,Y.N., Yuri,T.A., Belcheva,M.M., Clark,A.L., Zahm,D.S., Coscia,C.J. Differential effects of gestational buprenorphine, naloxone, and methadone on mesolimbic mu opioid and ORL1 receptor G protein coupling. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 151(-1-2-):149-157. >>> Buprenorphine; naloxone; methadone; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/ water; dose-response (fig. 3); teratology.
P6563 Babin,M.C., Ricketts,K.M., Gazaway,M.Y., Lee,R.B., Sweeney,R.E., Brozetti,J.J. A combination drug treatment against ocular sulfur mustard injury. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CUTANEOUS AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY 2004; 23(-1-):65-75. >>> Buprenorphine HCl; SC; Rabbit; 2ML1; 5-7 days; "The implanted pump provided pain control for 5-7 days without having to administer multiple injections." (p.67).
P6126 D'Elia,M., Patenaude,J., Hamelin,C., Garrel,D.R., Bernier,J. No detrimental effect from chronic exposure to buprenorphine on corticosteroid-binding globulin and corticosensitive immune parameters. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 109(-2-):179-187. >>> Buprenorphine; Saline; IP; Mice; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by ability of mu receptor agonist drugs to potentiate; pentobarbital-induced hypothermia. p. 180; pump model not stated.
P5702 Borde,V.D., Bernier,J., Garrel,D.R. Effects of dietary fatty acids on burn-induced immunosuppression. Cellular Immunology 2002; 220(-2-):116-124. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Mice; ; Pain control.
P5301 Robinson,S.E., Wallace,M.J. Effect of perinatal buprenorphine exposure on development in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp.Ther 2001/8; 298(-2-):797-804. >>> Buprenorphine HCl; Methadone HCl; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (pregnant); 28-39 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; toxicology; teratology; some pumps replaced after 28 days.
P5008 Robinson,S.E., Wallace,M.J. Effect of perinatal buprenorphine exposure on development in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2001; 298(--):797-804. >>> Buprenorphine; Methadone; Water; SC; rat (pregnant); rat (neonate); 14, 28 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (graphs p. 802); teratology; toxicology; dependence; 28-day pumps implanted in pregnant rats; 14-day pumps implanted in 10-day old rat pups..
3. Butorphanol
P9327 Tian,Y.H., Lee,K.W., You,I.J., Lee,S.Y., Jang,C.G. 7-nitroindazole, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, attenuates physical dependence on Butorphanol in rat. Synapse 2008; 62(-8-):582-589. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; nitroindazole, 7-; Saline; DMSO; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Enzyme inhibitor (nitric oxide synthase, NOS); animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 250-275 g.); 1 week recovery period before implantation of pumps; 10% DMSO used; PE60 tubing used.
P7657 Lee,S.Y., Jang,C.G. Increases in 3H-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid AMPA receptor binding and mRNA expression of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor A GluR-A subunits in rats withdrawn from butorphanol. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 2005; 68(-23-24-):2163-2174. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley 230-250 g).
P7624 Tanaka,S., Fan,L.W., Tien,L.T., Park,Y., Liu-Chen,L.Y., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Butorphanol dependence increases hippocampal kappa-opioid receptor gene expression. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2005; 82(-2-):255-263. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Saline, physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (procaine penicillin G; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-275 g).
P7059 Kim,S.Y., Chudapongse,N., Lee,S.M., Levin,M.C., Oh,J.T., Park,H.J., Ho,I.K. Proteomic analysis of phosphotyrosyl proteins in the rat brain: Effect of butorphanol dependence. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2004; 77(-6-):867-877. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual drug volume; dependence; post op. care (procaine penicillin G); stadol; mp primed overnight at 35 degree C in sterile saline.
P6208 Fan,L.W., Tanaka,S., Tien,L.T., Ma,T.G., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Withdrawal from dependence upon butorphanol uniquely increases kappa1-opioid receptor binding in the rat brain. Brain Research Bulletin 2002; 58(-2-):149-160. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; morphine; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual drug volume; good methods (p. 150); dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin G); guide cannula&stylet used; dental cement secured cannula.
P6207 Fan,L.W., Tanaka,S., Park,Y., Sasaki,K., Ma,T.G., Tien,L.T., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Butorphanol dependence and withdrawal decrease hippocampal K-2-opioid receptor binding. Brain Research 2002; 958(-2-):277-290. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; good methods (p. 279); dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin).
P6118 Kim,D.S., Lim,H.K., Jang,S.Y., Oh,S. Changes of the level of G protein alpha-subunit mRNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from butorphanol. Neurochemical Research 2003; 28(-12-):1771-1778. >>> Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; guide cannula used (10mm); solution was filter sterilized.
P5962 Fan,L.W., Tien,L.T., Tanaka,S., Ma,T., Chudapongse,N., Sinchaisuk,S., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Changes in the brain kappa-opioid receptor levels of rats in withdrawal from physical dependence upon butorphanol. Neuroscience 2003; 121(-4-):1063-1074. >>> Butorphanol; morphine; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (penicillin, 0.5% sensorcaine in wound site); guide cannula with stylet was used; dental cement used to adhere cannula to skull; protective aluminuim cap was placed around the cannula; tygon tubing was used; solutions were filter sterilized during filling of the pumps; brain diagram (p. 1066).
P5743 Jang,So Yong., Kim,Younghwa, Oh,Seikwan. The bindings of [3H]muscimol and [3H]flunitrazapam are elevated in discrete brain regions of butorphanol-withdrawal rats. Neurochem Res 2002; 27(-9-):939-946. >>> Butorphanol; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; dependence.
P5479 Sinchaisuk,S., Ho,I.K., Rockhold,R.W. Focal kappa-opioid receptor-mediated dependence and withdrawal in the nucleus paragigantocellularis. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 74(-1-):241-252. >>> Morphine sulfate; butorphanol tratrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; minipumps were inserted 6-10 days after guide cannula implantation; stylet used.
P5245 Tokuyama,S., Ho,I.K., Yamamoto,T. A protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, blocks naloxone-precipitated changes in dopamine and its metabolites in the brains of opioid-dependent rats. Brain Res Bull. 2000/7/15; 52(-5-):363-369. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; H7; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; enzyme inhibitor; dependence; H7 is a protein kinase C inhibitor; tygon tubing used; one week recovery period; guide cannula with stylet used to ensure patency; concomitant infusion of H7 and opioids performed by mixing agents in the same pump.
P5000 Tokuyama,S., Zhu,H., Oh,S., Ho,I.K., Yamamoto,T. Further evidence for a role of NMDA receptors in the locus coeruleus in the expression of withdrawal syndrome from opioids. NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2001; 39(--):103-109. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; good methods (p. 104-105); dependence; opioid agonists; cannula placement assessed by the presence of CSF in the guide cannula; stylets used to maintain cannula patency during 1-week recovery period;.
P4316 Feng,Y., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Nor-binaltrophimine precipitates withdrawal and excitatory amino acid release in the locus ceruleus of butorphanol-but not morphine-dependent rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1997; 283(-2-):932-938. >>> Butorphanol; Morphine;; Saline;; CSF/CNS;; rat;; 2001; 3 days;; controls received mp with vehicle; good methods; dependence; animals allowed 1 week recovery before infusion began; all solutions were passed through a sterile filter; catheter tubing disconnected to stop drug infusion;.
P4310 Jang,C.-G., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Withdrawal from butorphanol dependence alters binding of [3H]phorbol dibutyrate to protein kinase C, but not of [3H]forskolin to adenylate cyclase. Brain Research 1999; 821(--):520-525. >>> Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2ML1; 3 days; Controls received mp with vehicle; dependence; animals were allowed a 7 day recovery period before infusion began; vehicle was filter sterilized; infusion stopped by snipping the catheter connected to the ICV cannula.
P4186 Tokuyama,S., Ho,I.K. Inhibitory effects of diltiazem, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, on naloxone-increased glutamate levels in the locus coeruleus of opioid-dependent rats. Brain Research 1996; 722(--):212-216. >>> Butorphanol; Morphine; Diltiazem; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; microdialysis; cannula placement verified visually by cutting vertically through cannula mark on the surface of the cortex; guide cannula implanted; dependence.
P4173 Tsang,B.K., He,Z., Wongchanapai,W., Coleman,E.C., Ho,I.-K., Eichhorn,J.H. Induction of tolerance to intrathecal butorphanol in rats. Acta Anesthesiol.Sin. 1997; 35(--):237-240. >>> Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 96 hours; controls received mp w/saline; dose-response (p. 238); tolerance.
P4172 Tokuyama,S., Zhu,H., Wakabayashi,H., Feng,Y.Z., Ho,I.K. The role of glutamate in the locus coeruleus during opioid withdrawal and effects of H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, on the action of glutamate in rats. J.Biomed.Sci. 1998; 5(--):45-53. >>> Morphine; butorphanol; H7; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; cannula placement verified by presence of CSF; stylets were placed in guide cannula to maintain patency; one week recovery period; agents infused singly or concomitantly; dependence.
P3674 Jaw,S.P., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Involvement of d-opioid receptors in physical dependence on butorphanol. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1993; 240(--):67-72. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; 300,000 units of procaine penicillinG given sc post-surgically and allowed one week to recover before infusion; dependence.
P3666 Jaw,S.P., Makimura,M., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Effects of nor-binaltorphimine on butorphanol dependence. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1993; 239(--):133-140. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received saline injections; dependence; 300,000 units of procaine penicillin G given SC after cannula placement and animals given 1 week to recover before drug infusion; butorphanol filtered before infusion.
P3467 Hoshi,K., Ma,T., Ho,I.K. Precipitated k-opioid receptor agonist withdrawal increases glutamate in rat locus coeruleus. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 314(--):301-306. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; U-69593; Ethanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 3 days; controls received vehicle infusion; dependence.
P3419 Tokuyama,S., Wakabayashi,H., Ho,I.K. Direct evidence for a role of glutamate in the expression of the opioid withdrawal syndrome. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 295(--):123-129. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; no comment posted.
P3336 Feng,Y.Z., Zhang,T., Tokuyama,S., Zhu,H., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. m- and d-opioid receptor antagonists precipitate similar withdrawal phenomena in butorphanol and morphine dependence. Neurochem.Res. 1996; 21(-1-):63-71. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Morphine HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; dependence; animals allowed 1 week recovery after cannulae placement-stylet maintained cannulae patency; bupivacaine given for post-operative pain relief.
P3332 Tokuyama,S., Feng,Y., Wakabayashi,H., Ho,I.K. Possible involvement of protein kinases in physical dependence on opioids: studies using protein kinase inhibitors, H-7 and H-8. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1995; 284(--):101-107. >>> Morphine HCl; Butorphanol tartrate; H7; H8; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; dependence; stylet maintained cannula patency during 1 week recovery period; opioid&H7 or H8 given concomitantly.
P3157 Horan,P., Ho,I.K. The physical dependence liability of butorphanol: a comparative study with morphine. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1991; 203(--):387-391. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp with saline; animals allowed 1 week recovery after cannula placement -- stylet maintained cannula patency; dependence.
P2874 Jaw,S.P., Makimura,M., Oh,K.W., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Involvement of k-opioid receptors in opioid dependence/withdrawal: studies using butorphanol. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1994; 257(--):153-160. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp with saline; dependence; animals allowed to recover 1 week after cannulation before pump implanted; butorphanol is an opioid agonist/antagonist.
P2769 Narita,M., Feng,Y., Makimura,M., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. A protein kinase inhibitor, h-7, inhibits the development of tolerance to opioid antinociception. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1994; 271(--):543-545. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; H7; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance; enzyme inhibitor; H7 administered alone or concomitantly w/morphine and butorphanol in the same pump; one week recovery allowed after icv surgery.
P2754 Feng,Y.Z., Tseng,Y.T., Jaw,S.P., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Tolerance development to butorphanol: comparison with morphine. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1994; 49(-3-):649-655. >>> Butorphanol; Morphine; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 1-3 days; controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; continuous ICV infusion w/ mp "requires minimal pharmacokinetic considerations such as drug metabolism and protein binding . . ." (pg. 654).
P2753 Feng,Y.Z., Narita,M., Tseng,Y.T., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Crosstolerance between butorphanol and morphine in rats. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1994; 49(-3-):657-661. >>> Butorphanol; Morphine; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance.
P2381 Oh,K.W., Makimura,M., Jaw,S.P., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Effects of B-funaltrexamine on butorphanol dependence. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1992; 42(--):29-34. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 72 hours; dependence.
P2324 Jaw,S.P., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Opioid antagonists and butorphanol dependence. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1993; 44(--):497-500. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; dependence.
P0588 Schmidt,W.K., Tam,S.W., Shotzberger,G.S., Smith Jr,D.H., Clark,R., Vernier,V.G. Nalbuphine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1985; 14(--):339-362. >>> Ethylketocyclazocine; Heroin; Meperidine; Oxymorphone; Pentazocine; Propoxyphene; Bremazocine; Buprenorphine; Butorphanol; Methadone; Morphine; Nalbuphine; U-50,488H; SC; mice; 3 days; comparison of sc morphine pellets vs. mp infusion; comparison of agents effects; controls received unspecified placebo infusion.
4. Dynorphin (all)
P8160 Baskin,D.S., Hosobuchi,Y., Loh,H.H., Lee,N.M. Dynorphin (1-13) improves survival in cats with focal cerebral ischaemia. Nature 1984; 312(-5994-):551-552. >>> Enkephalin, Leu-; dynorphin; dynorphin (3-13); Saline; SC; Cat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; post op. care (penicillin E, lactated ringer's solution); ischemia (cerebral); animal info (adult, male, MCAO).
P3465 Jonsdottir,I.H., Johansson,C., Asea,A., Hellstrand,K., Thoren,P., Hoffmann,P. Chronic intracerebroventricular administration of b-endorphin augments natural killer cell cytotoxicity in rats. Regul.Pept. 1996; 62(--):113-118. >>> Endorphin, B-; Enkephalin, leucine-; Enkephalin, methionine-; Dynorphin A; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received saline infusion; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used.
P2616 Baskin,D.S., Widmayer,M.A., Browning,J.L., Heizer,M.L., Schmidt,W.K. Evaluation of delayed treatment of focal cerebral ischemia with three selective kappa-opioid agonists in cats. Stroke 1994; 25(-10-):2047-2054. >>> Dynorphin A (1-13); U-50,488; DuP E3800; SC; cat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; no stress (see pg. 2048); ischemia (cerebral).
P1261 Long,J.B., Petras,J.M., Holaday,J.W. Neurologic deficits and neuronal injury in rats resulting from nonopioid actions of the delta opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174864. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 244(-3-):1169-1177. >>> Dynorphin A (1-13); ICI-174,864; DMSO; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; mp connected to catheter i.t.; DMSO is vehicle for ICI-174864; functionality of mp verified; comparison of ICV vs. i.t. injections vs. mp infusion; stability.
P0887 Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Lack of effect of dynorphin on consummatory behaviors in obese and normal rats. Life Sci. 1986; 39(--):589-593. >>> Dynorphin; Saline; rat; 2002; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; food consumption; comparison of injections vs. mp infusion; peptides.
P0591 Spampinato,S., Candeletti,S. Characterization of dynorphin A-induced antinociception at spinal level. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1985; 110(--):21-30. >>> Dynorphin A; Calcium chloride; Magnesium chloride; Potassium chloride; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 1 week; peptides.
P0482 Schulz,R., Wuster,M., Herz,A. Receptor preference of dynorphin A fragments in the mouse vas deferens determined by different techniques. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1984; 230(-1-):200-204. >>> Dynorphin A(1-8); Bestatin; Captopril; Dynorphin A; Enkephalin agonist DADL; Fentanyl; Thiorphan; Saline; SC; vas deferens; Mice; 2001; 2ML1; no duration posted; Comparison of agents effects; 2ML1 pump used w/ captopril, thiorphan, and bestatin; DADL&FEN admin. sc; peptides; antihypertensive.
P0454 Kiang,J.G., Wei,E.T. Sensitivity to morphine-evoked bradycardia in rats is modified by dynorphin (1-13), leu- and met-enkephalin. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1984; 229(-2-):469-473. >>> Dynorphin (1-13); Morphine sulfate; SC; rat; 2001; 2 days; comparison of agents effects; agents given by mp alone and in combination; peptides.
P0173 Schulz,R., Wuster,M. Are there sybtypes (isoreceptors) of multiple opiate receptors in the mouse vas deferens. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1981; 76(--):61-66. >>> Endorphin, a-neo-; DsThr; Dynorphin; Enkephalin analog DADLE; FK-33824; MR-2034; MRZ; Normorphine; Sufentanil; Water; SC; mice; 2001; 6 days; peptides; MRZ is 5,9-dimethyl,2'S-5,9-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxy-propyl)-6,7-benzomorphan, a kappa opioid agonist.
5. Endorphin, B-
P7890 Boyadjieva,N., Advis,J.P., Sarkar,D.K. Role of beta-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and autonomic nervous system in mediation of the effect of chronic ethanol on natural killer cell cytolytic activity. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 30(-10-):1761-1767. >>> Endorphin, B; corticotropin releasing hormone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus); Rat; 2002; 16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; animal info (male, Fischer, 160-175g.).
P7316 Dokur,M., Chen,C.P., Advis,J.P., Sarkar,D.K. Beta-endorphin modulation of interferon-gamma, perforin and granzyme B levels in splenic NK cells: Effects of ethanol. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2005; 166(-1-2-):29-38. >>> Endorphin, B-; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus); Rat; 2002; 18 hours; Controls received mp w/ aCSF; immunology; peptides.
P6917 Dokur,M., Boyadjieva,N.I., Advis,J.P., Sarkar,D.K. Modulation of hypothalamic beta-endorphin-regulated expression of natural killer cell cytolytic activity regulatory factors by ethanol in male Fischer-344 rats. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 28(-8-):1180-1186. >>> Endorphin, beta; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus); Rat; 2002; 6 days; Plastics One bilateral guide cannula used with a 'Y' connector.
P6696 Boyadjieva,N.I., Dokur,M., Advis,J.P., Meadows,G.G., Sarkar,D.K. beta-endorphin modulation of lymphocyte proliferation: Effects of ethanol. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 26(-11-):1719-1727. >>> Endorphin, B-; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus); Rat; 2002; 16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; mp connected w/ two infusion cannulae using a Y-connector.
P5752 Boyadjieva,N., Dokur,M., Advis,J.P., Meadows,G.G., Sarkar,D.K. Chronic ethanol inhibits NK cell cytolytic activity: role of opioid peptide beta-endorphin. J Immunol 2001; 167(-10-):5645-5652. >>> Endorphin, B-; Naltrexone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (paraventricular nucleus); Rat; 2002; 4,16 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; naltrexone is an opiate antagonist; used a Y connector to connect pump with a bilateral cannula.
P5512 Hill,C., Lapanowski,K., Dunbar,J.C. The effects of beta-endorphin (beta-END) on cardiovascular and behavioral dynamics in conscious rats. Brain Research Bulletin 2002; 59(-1-):29-34. >>> Endorphin, B-; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 12 days; Cardiovascular.
P3710 Tolpygo,S.M., Pevtsova,E.I. Comparative analysis of effects from prolonged peripheral and intracerebral exposure to B-endorphin. Bul.Exp.Biol.and Med. 1995; 120(-1-):1079-1082. >>> Endorphin, B-; Saline, physiological; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; peptides.
P3465 Jonsdottir,I.H., Johansson,C., Asea,A., Hellstrand,K., Thoren,P., Hoffmann,P. Chronic intracerebroventricular administration of b-endorphin augments natural killer cell cytotoxicity in rats. Regul.Pept. 1996; 62(--):113-118. >>> Endorphin, B-; Enkephalin, leucine-; Enkephalin, methionine-; Dynorphin A; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received saline infusion; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used.
P0812 Shimazu,T., Noma,M., Saito,M. Chronic infusion of norepinephrine into the ventromedial hypothalmus induces obesity in rats. Brain Research 1986; 369(-1/2-):215-223. >>> Acetylcholine chloride; Cefalotin; Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide; Epinephrine HCl; Bombesin; Endorphin, B-; Enkephalin, methionine-; Norepinephrine HCl; Saline; Sodium bisulfite; CSF/CNS (hypothalamus); rat; 2002; 5-20 weeks; Cholinergic agent; pumps replaced periodically; mp connected to perm. steel cannula in hypothalamus; cannula fitted w/removable protector; (see p.217); agents infused sep. (cefalotin infused w/each agent); long-term study; peptides.
P0001 Wei,E., Loh,H. Physical dependence on opiate-like peptides. Science 1976; 193(--):1262-1263. >>> Morphine sulfate; methionine-enkephalin; endorphin, B-; Water; CSF/CNS (frontal cortex); CSF/CNS (periaqueductal gray); Rat; 70 hours; peptides; dependence; 1 ul/hr pumps used.
6. Enkephalin
P8160 Baskin,D.S., Hosobuchi,Y., Loh,H.H., Lee,N.M. Dynorphin (1-13) improves survival in cats with focal cerebral ischaemia. Nature 1984; 312(-5994-):551-552. >>> Enkephalin, Leu-; dynorphin; dynorphin (3-13); Saline; SC; Cat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; post op. care (penicillin E, lactated ringer's solution); ischemia (cerebral); animal info (adult, male, MCAO).
P6537 McLaughlin,P.J., Stack,BC Jr, Braine,K.M., Ruda,J.D., Zagon,I.S. Opioid growth factor inhibition of a human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in nude mice: Dependency on the route of administration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2004; 24(-1-):227-232. >>> Enkephalin; Saline; SC; Mice (nude); 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; OGF plasma levels taken; comparison of IP and intratumoral injections vs. SC mp; adverse reaction: (see pg. 229) "within 2 days...3 minipumps containing saline were spotaneously dislodged." [possible pocket too small]; cancer (carcinoma); peptides; enkephalin was met-5 and termed OGF or opioid growth factor.
P6116 Kuzume,K., Wolff,R.A., Amakawa,K., Kuzume,K., Van Winkle,D.M. Sustained exogenous administration of Met(5)-enkephalin protects against infarction in vivo. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2003; 285(-6-):H2463-H2470. >>> Enkephalin; Saline; SC; Rabbit; 2ML1; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cardiovascular; peptides; enkephalin was met-5.
P3476 Menard,D.P., van Rossum,D., Kar,S., Quirion,R. Alteration of calcitonin gene related peptide and its receptor binding sites during the development of tolerance to mu and delta opioids. Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol. 1995; 73(--):1089-1095. >>> Morphine sulfate; Naltrexone; Enkephalin; U-50,488H; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; tolerance.
P3465 Jonsdottir,I.H., Johansson,C., Asea,A., Hellstrand,K., Thoren,P., Hoffmann,P. Chronic intracerebroventricular administration of b-endorphin augments natural killer cell cytotoxicity in rats. Regul.Pept. 1996; 62(--):113-118. >>> Endorphin, B-; Enkephalin, leucine-; Enkephalin, methionine-; Dynorphin A; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received saline infusion; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used.
P2513 Chukwuocha,R.U., Reyes,E., Tokuda,S. The in vivo effects of opioid peptides on the murine immune response. Int.J.Immunopharmac. 1994; 16(-3-):205-215. >>> Enkephalin; PBS; mice; 1003D; no duration posted; no stress (see pg. 207); immunology; agents are met-enkepalin, DTLET, FK 33-824; pump implantation has no significant effect on humoral immune response as compared with sham-op and untreated animals (p. 208).
P0812 Shimazu,T., Noma,M., Saito,M. Chronic infusion of norepinephrine into the ventromedial hypothalmus induces obesity in rats. Brain Research 1986; 369(-1/2-):215-223. >>> Acetylcholine chloride; Cefalotin; Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide; Epinephrine HCl; Bombesin; Endorphin, B-; Enkephalin, methionine-; Norepinephrine HCl; Saline; Sodium bisulfite; CSF/CNS (hypothalamus); rat; 2002; 5-20 weeks; Cholinergic agent; pumps replaced periodically; mp connected to perm. steel cannula in hypothalamus; cannula fitted w/removable protector; (see p.217); agents infused sep. (cefalotin infused w/each agent); long-term study; peptides.
P0509 Saland,L.C., Ortiz,E., Samora,A. Chronic infusion of opiate peptides to rat cerebrospinal fluid with osmotic minipumps. Anat.Rec. 1984; 210(--):115-123. >>> Endorphin, a-; Endorphin, ovine B-; Enkephalin, methionine-; Naloxone HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 1-2 days; comparison of agents effects; peptides.
P0001 Wei,E., Loh,H. Physical dependence on opiate-like peptides. Science 1976; 193(--):1262-1263. >>> Morphine sulfate; methionine-enkephalin; endorphin, B-; Water; CSF/CNS (frontal cortex); CSF/CNS (periaqueductal gray); Rat; 70 hours; peptides; dependence; 1 ul/hr pumps used.
7. Etorphine
Q0665 Madia,P.A., Dighe,S.V., Sirohi,S., Walker,E.A., Yoburn,B.C. Dosing protocol and analgesic efficacy determine opioid tolerance in the mouse. Psychopharmacology 2009; 207(-3-):413-422. >>> Etorphine; oxycodone; hydrocodone; methadone; Saline; DMSO; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets wrapped in nylon mesh; animal info (Male, Swiss Webster, 23-30 g); tolerance; comparison of SC injections vs mp; "Higher doses of hydrocodone, oxycodone, and methadone could not be infused due to solubility issues." pg 415; 20% DMSO used; "infusion with hydrocodone or methadone produced greater tolerance than acute or intermittent treatment" pg 417.
P7344 Zhang,Q.Y., Purohit,V., Yoburn,B.C. Continuous opioid agonist treatment dose-dependently regulates mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in mouse spinal cord. Synapse 2005; 56(-3-):123-128. >>> Etorphine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellet; dose-response (p. 125, 126).
P7012 Yoburn,B.C., Purohit,V., Patel,K., Zhang,Q.Y. Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 498(-1-3-):87-96. >>> Naloxone; etorphine hcl; morphine sulfate; Saline, normal; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received inert, placebo pellets or saline injections; comparison of SC injections vs. pellets vs. mp; tolerance; "Intermittent naloxone and etorphine treatment did not regulate u-opioid receptor or dynamin-2, despite the fact that the total amount of drug administered was the same as continuous treatment." (pg. 94); animal info (m, 22-30 grams).
P5492 Gomes,B.A., Shen,J., Stafford,K., Patel,M., Yoburn,B.C. mu-opioid receptor down-regulation and tolerance are not equally dependent upon G-protein signaling. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 72(-1-2-):273-278. >>> Etorphine HCl; morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Mice; 3 days; Tolerance.
P4966 Stafford,K., Gomes,A.B., Shen,J., Yoburn,B.C. Mu-opioid receptor downregulation contributes to opioid tolerance in vivo. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2001; 69(--):233-237. >>> Etorphine hydrochloride; Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; mice; 2001; 7 days; controls received placebo pellet; functionality of mp verified by analgesia "tail-flick" dose-response test; comparison of morphine pellets vs. mp; tolerance; receptor downregulation; animal info (male, swiss webster, 22-40 grams).
P4674 Shen,J, Gomes,B, Gallagher,A, Stafford,K, Yoburn,B.C. Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in opioid agonist-induced m-opioid receptor downregulation and tolerance in mice.. Synapse 2000; 38(--):322-327. >>> Etorphine; Morphine;; SC;; mice;; 2001;; 2, 3 days;; Controls received inert placebo pellet; opioid agonists; etorphine infused for 2 days; morphine infused for 3 days; morphine pellets also used in mp/morphine implanted mice;.
8. Fentanyl
Q0846 Yamdeu,R.S., Shaqura,M., Mousa,S.A., Schaefer,M., Droese,J. p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation by Nerve Growth Factor in Primary Sensory Neurons Upregulatesμ-Opioid Receptors to Enhance Opioid Responsiveness Toward Better Pain Control. Anesthesiology 2011; 114(-1-):150-161. >>> Fentanyl propionanilide; buprenorphine hydrochloride; Saline, isotonic; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 96 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male Wistar, 200-250 g); pain.
Q0820 Zheng,H., Zeng,Y., Zhang,X.X., Chu,J., Loh,H.H., Law,P.Y. μ-Opioid Receptor Agonists Differentially Regulate the Expression of miR-190 and NeuroD. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 77(-1-):102-109. >>> Morphine; fentanyl; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (CD1 (ICR), 6-8 wks old).
Q0785 Mitzelfelt,J.D., DuPree,J.P., Seo,D.O., Carter,C.S., Morgan,D. Effects of chronic fentanyl administration on physical performance of aged rats. Experimental Gerontology 2011; 46(-1-):65-72. >>> Fentanyl; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Fisher 344 x Brown Norway, 12, 24, 30 mo old); behavioral testing (open field activity, grip strength, rotarod).
Q0735 Raehal,K.M., Bohn,L.M. The role of beta-arrestin2 in the severity of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence induced by different opioid pain therapeutics. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60(-1-):58-65. >>> Morphine; methadone; fentanyl; oxycodone; Water, sterile, distilled; SC; Mice; 7 days; Animal info (male, WT, barr2-KO); dependence; wound clips used.
Q0727 Waxman,A.R., Arout,C., Caldwell,M., Dahan,A., Kest,B. Acute and chronic fentanyl administration causes hyperalgesia independently of opioid receptor activity in mice. Neuroscience Letters 2009; 462(-1-):68-72. >>> Fentanyl; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (adult, male, CD-1); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; "Although acute fentanyl injection (0.25 mg/kg) caused hyperalgesia within 15 min, hyperalgesia was not similarly evident on infusion Day 1 even though pumps were filled with a fentanyl dose (10mg/kg/24 h) that dispenses ~0.42 mg/kg/h, almost double the dose given by bolus injection." pg 71.
Q0264 Sykes,J.M., Cox,S., Ramsay,E.C. Evaluation of an osmotic pump for fentanyl administration in cats as a model for nondomestic felids. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2009; 70(-8-):950-955. >>> Fentanyl; Saline, sterile; SC; Cat (felid); 2ML1; 96 hours; Animal info (spayed, female, 56 months old, 4.5 kg); functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of transdermal patch vs. SC mp; no stress see pg 952; "if fentanyl is "to be used for nondomestic cats, then the faster elimination of fentanyl after removal of a delivery device is an important advantage of the osmotic pump versus the transdermal patch" pg 953; "Compared with a transdermal patch, an osmotic pump provides several pharmacokinetic advantages for fentanyl administration in cats." pg 954.
P9594 Sirohi,S., Dighe,S.V., Madia,P.A., Yoburn,B.C. The Relative Potency of Inverse Opioid Agonists and a Neutral Opioid Antagonist in Precipitated Withdrawal and Antagonism of Analgesia and Toxicity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2009; 330(-2-):513-519. >>> Fentanyl; SC; Mice; 2001; 72 hours; Dependence; animal info (Swiss-Webster, 25-33g).
P9445 Sirohi,S., Dighe,S.V., Walker,E.A., Yoburn,B.C. The analgesic efficacy of fentanyl: Relationship to tolerance and mu-opioid receptor regulation. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2008; 91(-1-):115-120. >>> Fentanyl hydrochloride; Saline; SC; Mice; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets; dose-response (fig. 3); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Swiss Webster, 23-35 g.).
P9308 Liu,J., Pan,H., Gold,M.S., Derendorf,H., Bruijnzeel,A.W. Effects of fentanyl dose and exposure duration on the affective and somatic signs of fentanyl withdrawal in rats. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55(-5-):812-818. >>> Fentanyl citrate; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma fentanyl levels; dose-responses (fig. 1); dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 g.).
P9157 Goicoechea,C., Sanchez,E., Cano,C., Jagerovic,N., Martin,M.I. Analgesic activity and pharmacological characterization of N-[1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl]-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl] propenamide, a new opioid agonist acting peripherally. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 595(-1-3-):22-29. >>> Fentanyl; IQMF-4; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; animal info (male, CD1, 25-30 g.); IQMF-4 also known as N-[1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl]-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl] propenamide, is a fentanyl analog; behavioral testing (nociceptive response).
P8341 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Marcinkiewcz,C., Isaac,S., Booth,M.M., Dennis,D.M., Gold,M.S. The effects of buprenorphine on fentanyl withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2007; 191(-4-):931-941. >>> Fentanyl citrate salt; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma fentanyl concentrations; tolerance; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 grams).
P7446 Gaitan,G., Ahuir,F.J., Herrero,J.F. Enhancement of fentanyl antinociception by subeffective doses of nitroparacetamol (NCX-701) in acute nociception and in carrageenan-induced monoarthritis. LIFE SCIENCES 2005; 77(-1-):85-95. >>> Fentanyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-320 g).
P7082 Trujillo,K.A., Kubota,K.S., Warmoth,K.P. Continuous administration of opioids produces locomotor sensitization. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2004; 79(-4-):661-669. >>> Morphine sulfate; fentanyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of pellets vs. mp; tolerance; mp primed overnight in saline at room temperature; pain; animal info (225-250 grams).
P6947 Martucci,C., Panerai,A.E., Sacerdote,P. Chronic fentanyl or buprenorphine infusion in the mouse: similar analgesic profile but different effects on immune responses. Pain 2004; 110(-1-2-):385-392. >>> Fentanyl; buprenorphine; Water; SC; Mice; 2001D; 3,7 days; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; citation may have incorrectly labeled a 2001 pump as the 2001D. "The drugs were delivered with osmotic minipumps, that allowed to reach steady plasma drug concentration for a prolonged period of time, resembling the transdermal route of administration in the human." (p. 386).
P6424 Terman,G.W., Jin,W.Z., Cheong,Y.P., Lowe,J., Caron,M.G., Lefkowitz,R.J., Chavkin,C. G-protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) influences opioid analgesic tolerance but not opioid withdrawal. British Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 141(-1-):55-64. >>> Fentanyl; SC; Mice (knockout); 1007D; 7 days; Tolerance; behavioral study.
P5909 Morinville,A., Cahill,C.M., Esdaile,M.J., Aibak,H., Collier,B., Kieffer,B.L., Beaudet,A. Regulation of delta-opioid receptor trafficking via mu-opioid receptor stimulation: Evidence from mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23(-12-):4888-4898. >>> Fentanyl Citrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; analgesic; "because of its reported short half-life and duration of action, fentanyl citrate was also administered chronically via osmotic mini-pumps." p. 4889; multiple pumps per animal (2).
P5623 Holtzman,S.G. Discrimination of a single dose of morphine followed by naltrexone: Substitution of other agonists for morphine and other antagonists for naltrexone in a rat model of acute dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 304(-3-):1033-1041. >>> Fentanyl; methadone; Saline; water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 Days; Dependence.
P4915 Fendt,M., Mucha,R.F. Anxiogenic-like effects of opiate withdrawal seen in the fear-potentiated startle test, an interdisciplinary probe for drug-related motivational states. Psychopharmacology 2001; 155(--):242-250. >>> Fentanyl citrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 4-7 days; controls received placebo "pump-shaped" silicone plugs; good methods (priming p. 244); fentanyl is an opiate analgesic; anxiety; withdrawal precipitated by IV naloxone.
P4722 Choe,C.H, Smith,F.L. Sedative tolerance accompanies tolerance to the analgesic effects of fentanyl in infant rats.. Pediatr.Res. 2000; 47(-6-):727-735. >>> Fentanyl; Saline; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma fentanyl levels; dose-response (table p. 729 / graph p. 730); tolerance; dependence; pumps implanted in 14 day old rat pups; surgical incision was closed with Vetbond tissue adhesive (3M animal care products);.
P4632 Lohmann,A.B., Smith,F.L. Buprenorphine substitution ameliorates spontaneous withdrawal in fentanyl-dependent rat pups.. Pediatr.Res. 2001; 49(-1-):50-55. >>> Fentanyl citrate; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; tolerance; dependence; the surgical incision was closed with Vetbond Tissue Adhesive; pumps implanted in 14-day old rat pups..
P4328 Thornton,S.R., Lohmann,A.B., Nicholson,R.A., Smith,F.L. Fentanyl self-administration in juvenile rats that were tolerant and dependent to fentanyl as infants. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(-3-):563-570. >>> Fentanyl HCl; Saline, pyrogen-free isotonic; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 3-5 days; Controls received mp with saline; tolerance; dependence; pain.
9. Morphine (2005-2011)
Q0924 Okada-Ogawa,A., Porreca,F., Meng,I.D. Sustained Morphine-Induced Sensitization and Loss of Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls in Dura-Sensitive Medullary Dorsal Horn Neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 2009; 29(-50-):15828-15835. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 2001; 6-7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (Sprague Dawley, male, 200-220 g); comparison of morphine pellets vs. mp; "Results obtained... were combined in the overall analysis after it was determined that the results from each method of drug administration were not significantly different." pg 15831.
Q0909 Hutchinson,M.R., Zhang,Y.N., Shridhar,M., Evans,J.H., Buchanan,M.M., Zhao,T.X., Slivka,P.F., Coats,B.D., Rezvani,N., Wieseler,J., Hughes,T.S., Landgraf,K.E., Chan,S., Fong,S., Phipps,S., Falke,J.J., Leinwand,L.A., Maier,S.F., Yin,H., Rice,K.C., Watkins,L.R. Evidence that opioids may have toll-like receptor 4 and MD-2 effects. BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 2010; 24(-1-):83-95. >>> Morphine; naloxone; SC; Rat; ; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (adult, male, Sprague Dawley, 300-375 g); multiple pumps per animal (2).
Q0845 Shen,C.H., Tsai,R.Y., Shih,M.S., Lin,S.L., Tai,Y.H., Chien,C.C., Wong,C.S. Etanercept Restores the Antinociceptive Effect of Morphine and Suppresses Spinal Neuroinflammation in Morphine-Tolerant Rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2011; 112(-2-):454-459. >>> Morphine; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 g); two intrathecal catheters inserted caudally into the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord; catheter was made by sealing PE-10 to silastic tubing with epoxy resin and silicone rubber; dead space of the catheter was about 8 ul; pain.
Q0820 Zheng,H., Zeng,Y., Zhang,X.X., Chu,J., Loh,H.H., Law,P.Y. μ-Opioid Receptor Agonists Differentially Regulate the Expression of miR-190 and NeuroD. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 77(-1-):102-109. >>> Morphine; fentanyl; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (CD1 (ICR), 6-8 wks old).
Q0789 Upadhya,M.A., Dandekar,M.P., Kokare,D.M., Singru,P.S., Subhedar,N.K. Involvement of neuropeptide Y in the acute, chronic and withdrawal responses of morphine in nociception in neuropathic rats: Behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates. Neuropeptides 2009; 43(-4-):303-314. >>> Morphine; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 8 days; Animal info (adult, male, Sprague-Dawley, 230-250 g); tolerance; behavioral testing (thermal paw withdrawal test); guide cannula used.
Q0779 Sarkis,R., Saade,N., Atweh,S., Jabbur,S., Al-Amin,H. Chronic dizocilpine or apomorphine and development of neuropathy in two rat models I: Behavioral effects and role of nucleus accumbens. Experimental Neurology 2011; 228(-1-):19-29. >>> MK-801; apomorphine HCL hemihydrate; Saline; ascorbic acid; CSF/CNS (nucleus accumbens); Rat; 2002; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (adult, female, Sprague Dawley, 200-300 g); post op. care (dexamethasone injections to prevent brain edema); behavioral testing (mechanical allodynia, Paw withdrawal latency, cold allodynia, hotplate test, spontaneous motor activity); cannula placement verified by picomicrograph of brain section; CCI, chronic constriction injury; SNI, spared nerve injury.
Q0764 Tumati,S., Roeske,W.R., Largent-Milnes,T., Wang,R., Vanderah,T.W., Varga,E.V. Sustained morphine-mediated pain sensitization and antinociceptive tolerance are blocked by intrathecal treatment with Raf-1-selective siRNA. British Journal of Pharmacology 2010; 161(-1-):51-64. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, adult, 200-225 g); behavioral testing (Mechanical allodynia, Antinociceptive tolerance).
Q0746 Horvath,R.J., Romero-Sandoval,E.A., De Leo,J.A. Inhibition of microglial P2X(4) receptors attenuates morphine tolerance, Iba1, GFAP andμ opioid receptor protein expression while enhancing perivascular microglial ED2. Pain 2010; 150(-3-):401-413. >>> Morphine sulfate; naloxone; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 1, 4, 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 175-200 g); one pump contained morphine plus naloxone; "All morphine pumps were filled with 0.833 mg/kg/hr morphine to deliver the equivalent of twice daily 10 mg/kg injections over the course of 24 h" pg 402; tolerance.
Q0735 Raehal,K.M., Bohn,L.M. The role of beta-arrestin2 in the severity of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence induced by different opioid pain therapeutics. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60(-1-):58-65. >>> Morphine; methadone; fentanyl; oxycodone; Water, sterile, distilled; SC; Mice; 7 days; Animal info (male, WT, barr2-KO); dependence; wound clips used.
Q0694 Quillinan,N., Lau,E.K., Virk,M., von Zastrow,M., Williams,J.T. Recovery from mu-Opioid Receptor Desensitization after Chronic Treatment with Morphine and Methadone. Journal of Neuroscience 2011; 31(-12-):4434-4443. >>> Morphine; methadone; Water; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; animal info (adult (150-250 g, male, Sprague Dawley).
Q0607 Lian,B., Vera-Portocarrero,L., King,T., Ossipov,M.H., Porreca,F. Opioid-induced latent sensitization in a model of non-inflammatory viscerosomatic hypersensitivity. Brain Research 2010; 1358(-;-):64-70. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley,175-200 g).
Q0587 Kest,B., Smith,S.B., Schorscher-Petcu,A., Austin,J.S., Ritchie,J., Klein,G., Rossi,G.C., Fortin,A., Mogil,J.S. Gnao1 (G-alphao PROTEIN) IS A LIKELY GENETIC CONTRIBUTOR TO VARIATION IN PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE ON OPIOIDS IN MICE. Neuroscience 2009; 162(-4-):1255-1264. >>> Morphine; heroin; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Animal info (Naive, adult, 7-12 wks old, male, AcB/BcA).
Q0543 Hutchinson,M.R., Lewis,S.S., Coats,B.D., Skyba,D.A., Crysdale,N.Y., Berkelhammer,D.L., Brzeski,A., Northcutt,A., Vietz,C.M., Judd,C.M., Maier,S.F., Watkins,L.R., Johnson,K.W. Reduction of opioid withdrawal and potentiation of acute opioid analgesia by systemic AV411 (ibudilast). BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 2009; 23(-2-):240-250. >>> Morphine; oxycodone; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (pathogen-free, male, Sprague-Dawley, 300-350 g); multiple pumps per animal (2); PE60 catheter connected to pump for 2-day delayed low-dose infusion.
Q0424 Horvath,R.J., Landry,R.P., Romero-Sandoval,E.A., DeLeo,J.A. MORPHINE TOLERANCE ATTENUATES THE RESOLUTION OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ENHANCES SPINAL MICROGLIAL p38 AND EXTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR KINASE PHOSPHORYLATION. Neuroscience 2010; 169(-2-):843-854. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/saline; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 175-200 g); pumps replaced after 7 days; "All morphine pumps delivered 0.833 mg/kg/h morphine, the equivalent of twice daily 10 mg/kg injections over the course of 24 h." pg 844.
Q0423 Doyle,T., Bryant,L., Muscoli,C., Cuzzocrea,S., Esposito,E., Chen,Z.M., Salvemini,D. Spinal NADPH oxidase is a source of superoxide in the development of morphine-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance. Neuroscience Letters 2010; 483(-2-):85-89. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.
Q0388 Raehal,K.M., Schmid,C.L., Medvedev,I.O., Gainetdinov,R.R., Premont,R.T., Bohn,L.M. Morphine-induced physiological and behavioral responses in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009; 104(-3-):187-196. >>> Morphine; Water, distilled, sterile; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Animal info (WT, GRK6-KO, 25-35 g); dependence.
Q0272 van Dorp,E.L.A., Kest,B., Kowalczyk,W.J., Morariu,A.M., Waxman,A.R., Arout,C.A., Dahan,A., Sarton,E.Y. Morphine-6 beta-glucuronide Rapidly increases Pain Sensitivity Independently of Opioid Receptor Activity in Mice and Humans. Anesthesiology 2009; 110(-6-):1356-1363. >>> Morphine-6 beta-glucuronide; MK-801; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; ; Animal info (adult, male, CD-1, TrKO, B6129F1); "Osmotic pumps afford continuous opioid infusions and control for hyperalgesia associated with withdrawal in opioid-dependent subjects that potentially confounds experiments in which chronic opioid treatment is accomplished via repeated acute injections." pg 1357.
Q0005 Boettger,M.K., Weber,K., Gajda,M., Braeuer,R., Schaible,H.G. Spinally applied ketamine or morphine attenuate peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia in acute and chronic phases of experimental arthritis. BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 2010; 24(-3-):474-485. >>> Ketamine, Morphine; Saline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2ML4; 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; ALZET brain infusion kit used; half-life pg 477 (2.5 hrs in CSF (ketamine); 2.1 hrs (morphine)); animal info (Female, Lewis, 6-8 wks old, 160-180 g); dorsal laminectomy; behavioral testing (pain related behavior).
P9940 Juni,A., Cai,M.Y., Stankova,M., Waxman,A.R., Arout,C., Klein,G., Dahan,A., Hruby,V.J., Mogil,J.S., Kest,B. Sex-specific Mediation of Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia by the Melanocortin-1 Receptor. Anesthesiology 2010; 112(-1-):181-188. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Animal info (naive, adult, CD-1, b6, e/e); "Osmotic pumps provide continuous infusion for 7 days, thereby preventing hyperalgesia associated with withdrawal in morphine-dependent subjects that can potentially confound experiments in which chronic morphine treatment is accomplished via repeated acute injections." pg. 182.
P9908 Lin,S.L., Tsai,R.Y., Tai,Y.H., Cherng,C.H., Wu,C.T., Yeh,C.C., Wong,C.S. Ultra-low dose naloxone upregulates interleukin-10 expression and suppresses neuroinflammation in morphine-tolerant rat spinal cords. Behavioural Brain Research 2010; 207(-1-):30-36. >>> Naloxone; morphine; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 5 days; Controls received mp w/saline; animal info (male, Wistar, 350-400 g); pumps contained morphine alone or morphine and naloxone; two intrathecal catheters implanted.
P9748 Klein,G., Rossi,G.C., Waxman,A.R., Arout,C., Juni,A., Inturrisi,C.E., Kest,B. The contribution of MOR-1 exons 1-4 to morphine and heroin analgesia and dependence. Neuroscience Letters 2009; 457(-3-):115-119. >>> Heroin hydrochloride; morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; ; Controls received mp w/vehicle; dependence; animal info (adult, male, CD-1).
P9729 Tumati,S., Milnes,T.L., Yamamura,H.I., Vanderah,T.W., Roeske,W.R., Varga,E.V. Intrathecal Raf-1-selective siRNA attenuates sustained morphine-mediated thermal hyperalgesia. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 601(-1-3-):207-208. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/saline; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-225 g, adult); behavioral testing (paw withdrawal).
P9075 Tai,Y.H., Tsai,R.Y., Wang,Y.H., Cherng,C.H., Tao,P.L., Liu,T.M., Wong,C.S. Amitriptyline induces nuclear transcription factor-kappa B-dependent glutamate transporter upregulation in chronic morphine-infused rats. Neuroscience 2008; 153(-3-):823-831. >>> Morphine; amitriptyline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; ; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Wistar, 350-400 g.); intrathecal catheter constructed using polyethylene (0.008 in ID, 0.014 in OD) and silastic tube; behavioral testing (antinociception assay, hot water immersion, tail flick latency).
P9065 Dunbar,S.A., Karamian,I., Zhang,H.H. Ketorolac prevents recurrent withdrawal induced hyperalgesia but does not inhibit tolerance to spinal morphine in the rat. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAIN 2007; 11(-1-):1-6. >>> Morphine sulfate; naloxone hydrochloride; ketorlac; SC; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 4, 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; animal info (adult, male, Sprague Dawley, 350 g.).
P9038 Kawaraguchi,Y., Sasaoka,N., Kawaguchi,M., Inoue,S., Hayashi,H., Konishi,N., Furuya,H. Effect of continuous morphine infusion on hypoxic-ischaemic brain damage of neonatal rats. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008; 52(-8-):1111-1115. >>> Morphine sulfate; SC; Rat; 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; dose-response (fig. 1); animal info (Sprague Dawley, 70 days old); pumps primed in sterile saline @ 37 degrees Celsius for 4 hours.
P8971 Jang,S., Kim,H., Kim,D., Jeong,M.W., Ma,T., Kim,S., Ho,I.K., Oh,S. Attenuation of morphine tolerance and withdrawal syndrome by coadministration of nalbuphine. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH 2006; 29(-8-):677-684. >>> Morphine chloride; nalbuphine HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; tolerance; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 220-240 g.).
P8966 Marcu,A.C., Paccione,K.E., Barbee,R.W., Diegelmann,R.F., Ivatury,R.R., Ward,K.R., Loria,R.M. Androstenetriol immunomodulation improves survival in a severe trauma Hemorrhage shock model. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE 2007; 63(-3-):662-669. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 1003D; 6-48 hours; Immunology; post op. care (antibiotic ointment); animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 300-375 g.); mp used to provide "clinically relevant amounts of analgesia during the entire experiment." (p. 663).
P8946 Reti,I.M., Crombag,H.S., Takamiya,K., Sutton,J.M., Guo,N., Dinenna,M.L., Huganir,R.L., Holland,P.C., Baraban,J.M. Narp regulates long-term aversive effects of morphine withdrawal. Behavioral Neuroscience 2008; 122(-4-):760-768. >>> Morphine sulfate; SC; Mice; mice (knockout); 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (3-5 mo old, Marp KO, WT); behavioral testing (jumps, diarhea, locomotor activity, tremors, grooming, digging, rearing, stretching).
P8855 Haugan,F., Rygh,L.J., Tjolsen,A. Ketamine blocks enhancement of spinal long-term potentiation in chronic opioid treated rats. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008; 52(-5-):681-687. >>> Morphine; ketamine; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline or no treatment; no stress (see pg. 683); tolerance; animal info (female, Sprague Dawley, 210-320); "No behavioral differences could be observed between groups, suggesting that the animals were not suffering significant distress due to the implantations + treatment." (p. 683); pain.
P8806 Kalange,A.S., Kokare,D.M., Singru,P.S., Upadhya,M.A., Chopde,C.T., Subhedar,N.K. Central administration of selective melanocortin 4 receptor antagonist HS014 prevents morphine tolerance and withdrawal hyperalgesia. Brain Research 2007; 1181(--):10-20. >>> Morphine; CSF, artificial; NaOH; water, distilled; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7, 8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 220-260g.); cannula placement confimed with India ink.
P8755 Wen,Z.H., Wu,G.J., Hsu,L.C., Chen,W.F., Chen,J.Y., Shui,H.A., Chou,A.K., Wong,C.S. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 attenuates morphine tolerance and associated glial fibrillary acid protein up-regulation: a proteomic approach. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008; 52(-4-):499-508. >>> Morphine; MK-801; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 350-375g); NMDA receptor antagonist.
P8747 Zou,W., Guo,Q., Wang,E., Cai,J., Cheng,Z. Intrathecal morphine suppresses immune function in rats with inflammatory-induced pain. Journal of International Medical Research 2007; 35(-5-):626-636. >>> Morphine; CSF/CNS (intrathecal, subarachnoid space); Rat; 2001; 1 week; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 1); immunology; post op. care (natrium penicillin); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-300g).
P8677 King,T., Vardanyan,A., Majuta,L., Melemedjian,O., Nagle,R., Cress,A.E., Vanderah,T.W., Lai,J., Porreca,F. Morphine treatment accelerates sarcoma-induced bone pain, bone loss, and spontaneous fracture in a murine model of bone cancer. Pain 2007; 132(-1-2-):154-168. >>> Morphine; naloxone; Saline; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 157, 159); no stress (see pg. 155); cancer (bone); multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (20-25g, male, adult, C3H/HeJ); pain.
P8494 Stoller,D.C., Sim-Selley,L.J., Smith,F.L. Role of kappa and delta opioid receptors in mediating morphine-induced antinociception in morphine-tolerant infant rats. Brain Research 2007; 1142(--):28-36. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; post op. care (10% povidone iodine swab); animal info (P14, 30 g); Vetbond tissue adhesive used to close incision.
P8303 Zissen,M.H., Zhang,G., McKelvy,A., Propst,J.T., Kendig,J.J., Sweitzer,S.M. Tolerance, opioid-induced allodynia and withdrawal associated allodynia in infant and young rats. Neuroscience 2007; 144(-1-):247-262. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 250); comparison of acute or intermittently injections vs. mp; vs. pellet; good methods (p. 249); tolerance; post op. care (IP penicillin, fluid therapy); animal info (Sprague-Dawley); morphine withdrawal; behavioral testing; "Using the pellet in P7 rats produced a high rate of mortality from respiratory depression following pellet implantation and precluded parallel studies in the younger rats." (p. 254); Vetbond tissue adhesive was used.
P8037 Wu,G.J., Wen,Z.H., Chen,W.F., Chang,Y.C., Cherng,C.H., Wong,C.S. The effect of dexamethasone on spinal glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase expression in morphine-tolerant rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007; 104(-3-):726-730. >>> Morphine; dexamethasone; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Animal info (male, Wistar, 350-370 grams).
P8011 Tai,Y.H., Wang,Y.H., Wang,J.J., Tao,P.L., Tung,C.S., Wong,C.S. Amitriptyline suppresses neuroinflammation and up-regulates glutamate transporters in morphine-tolerant rats. Pain 2006; 124(-1-2-):77-86. >>> Amitriptyline; morphine; Saline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); SC; Rat; 2001; 5 days; Tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 350-400 grams); behavioral study.
P8010 Suzuki,R., Porreca,F., Dickenson,A.H. Evidence for spinal dorsal horn hyperexcitability in rats following sustained morphine exposure. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 407(-2-):156-161. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.
P7934 Zissen,M.H., Zhang,G.H., Kendig,J.J., Sweitzer,S.M. Acute and chronic morphine alters formalin pain in neonatal rats. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 400(-1-2-):154-157. >>> Morphine; Saline; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; post op. care (penicillin, ringer's solution); animal info (male and female Sprague-Dawley); Vetbond tissue used.
P7884 Jhamandas,K., Milne,B., Sutak,M., Gouarderes,C., Zajac,J.M., Yang,H.Y.T. Facilitation of spinal morphine analgesia in normal and morphine tolerant animals by neuropeptide SF and related peptides. Peptides 2006; 27(-5-):953-963. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 6 days; Comparison of IT injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-275g.).
P7789 Banach,T., Zurowski,D., Gil,K., Weilsbrodt,N.W., Rosenfeld,G., Thor,P.J. Peripheral mechanisms of intestinal dysmotility in the morphine tolerant and dependent rats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2006; 57(-1-):73-82. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Tolerance; dependence: animal info (male, Wistar, 200g.).
P7716 Prokai,L., Zharikova,A.D., Stevens,SM Jr. Effect of chronic morphine exposure on the synaptic plasma-membrane subproteome of rats: a quantitative protein profiling study based on isotope-coded affinity tags and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 40(-2-):169-175. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, adult, 250-300g).
P7714 Juni,A., Klein,G., Kest,B. Morphine hyperalgesia in mice is unrelated to opioid activity, analgesia, or tolerance: Evidence for multiple diverse hyperalgesic systems. Brain Research 2006; 1070(-1-):35-44. >>> Morphine; morphine-3B-glucoronide; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 6,12,14,19 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 1); pumps replaced; tolerance; animal info (adult, male, CD-1).
P7686 Alexander,M., Daniel,T., Chaudry,I.H., Schwacha,M.G. Opiate analgesics contribute to the development of post-injury immunosuppression. Journal of Surgical Research 2005; 129(-1-):161-168. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Animal info (C57BL/6, female, 20-25 g, 8-10 weeks old).
P7681 Colpaert,F.C., Deseure,K., Stinus,L., Adriaensen,H. High-efficacy 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor activation counteracts opioid hyperallodynia and affective conditioning. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006; 316(-2-):892-899. >>> F13640; morphine, HCl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 6 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced every two weeks; multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 220-240 g); during pump replacement a new incision was made about 1 cm away from the previous incision.
P7610 Feng,P., Rahim,R.T., Cowan,A., Liu-Chen,L.Y., Peng,X.H., Gaughan,J., Meissler,JJ Jr, Adler,M.W., Eisenstein,T.K. Effects of mu, kappa or delta opioids administered by pellet or pump on oral Salmonella infection and gastrointestinal transit. European Journal of Pharmacology 2006; 534(-1-3-):250-257. >>> Morphine sulfate; enkephalin analog DPDPE; U50,488H; deltorphin II, D-ala2-; Saline, pyrogen free; SC; Mice; 1003D; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 1); comparison of pellets vs. mp; immunology; animal info (female, 6 wk old); mp primed 4 hours in 37 C saline; "morphine pellet potently exacerbated oral salmonella infection, but morphine given by pump, at doses which were immunosuppresive had a substantially lesser effect (of infection)." (p. 251). "Further, we and others have found that morphine pellets induce sepsis in mice." (p. 251).
P7544 Daniels,D.J., Lenard,N.R., Etienne,C.L., Law,P.Y., Roerig,S.C., Portoghese,P.S. Opioid-induced tolerance and dependence in mice is modulated by the distance between pharmacophores in a bivalent ligand series. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2005; 102(-52-):19208-19213. >>> Morphine; DN-20; MDAN-16; MDAN-17; MDAN-18; MDAN-19; MDAN-20; MDAN21; MA19; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependance; cyanoacrylate adhesive; animal info (male, ICR, 25-30 g); mp primed in 37 C saline overnight; MDAN is mu-delta-agonist-antagonist series to opioid receptors of bivalent ligands that contain different length spacers (16-21 atoms) and pharmocophores derived from naltrindole; MA is mu-agonist monovalent control; DN is delta antagonist monovalent control.
P7465 Lenard,N.R., Roerig,S.C. Development of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence following morphine i.c.v. infusion in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005; 527(-1-3-):71-76. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of sc pellets vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 73); tolerance; dependence; cyanoacrylate adhesive; post op. care (antibacterial ointment); animal info (male, 28-45 g); mp primed in sterile saline 37C overnight.
P7457 Lin,J.A., Lee,M.S., Wu,C.T., Yeh,C.C., Lin,S.L., Wen,Z.H., Wong,C.S. Attenuation of morphine tolerance by intrathecal gabapentin is associated with suppression of morphine-evoked excitatory amino acid release in the rat spinal cord. Brain Research 2005; 1054(-2-):167-173. >>> Morphine; gabapentin; Saline, normal; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute IT infusions vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 400-450 g).
P7415 White,D.A., Hwang,A.L., Holtzman,S.G. Naltrexone-induced conditioned place aversion following a single dose of morphine in the rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2005; 81(-3-):451-458. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; good methods p. 453; animal info (male, sprague dawley, 250-370 g).
P7414 Wen,Z.H., Wu,G.J., Chang,Y.C., Wang,J.J., Wong,C.S. Dexamethasone modulates the development of morphine tolerance and expression of glutamate transporters in rats. Neuroscience 2005; 133(-3-):807-817. >>> Dexamethasone; morphine; CSF/CNS (intrathecal, occipital); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ saline or dex; animal info (male, wistar, 400-500 g).
P7378 Tawfik,V.L., LaCroix-Fralish,M.L., Nutile-McMeneny,N., DeLeo,J.A. Transcriptional and translational regulation of glial activation by morphine in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 313(-3-):1239-1247. >>> Morphine; SC; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 1007D; 2002; 2ML2; 3, 6, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response (Fig. 1); comparison of SC mp vs. IT mp; tolerance; mp primed overhight in 37 degrees celsius saline, "a continuous adminstration protocol was used to prevent daily variations in plasma drug levels, which have been shown to enhance tolerance." (p. 1246).
P7241 Gu,G.B., Kondo,I., Hua,X.Y., Yaksh,T.L. Resting and evoked spinal substance P release during chronic intrathecal morphine infusion: Parallels with tolerance and dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 314(-3-):1362-1369. >>> Morphine sulfate; saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 1, 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence.
P7185 Kim,S.Y., Chudapongse,N., Lee,S.M., Levin,M.C., Oh,J.T., Park,H.J., Ho,I.K. Proteomic analysis of phosphotyrosyl proteins in morphine-dependent rat brains. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 133(-1-):58-70. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; good methods p. 60; dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin G); mp primed overnight in 35 degrees celsius saline.
P7086 Al Amin,H.A., Atweh,S.F., Baki,S.A., Jabbur,S.J., Saade,N.E. Continuous perfusion with morphine of the orbitofrontal cortex reduces allodynia and hyperalgesia in a rat model for mononeuropathy. Neuroscience Letters 2004; 364(-1-):27-31. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS (orbitofrontal cortex); Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received no nerve injury; functionality of mp verified by histological assessment of cannula tip placement.
P7082 Trujillo,K.A., Kubota,K.S., Warmoth,K.P. Continuous administration of opioids produces locomotor sensitization. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2004; 79(-4-):661-669. >>> Morphine sulfate; fentanyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of pellets vs. mp; tolerance; mp primed overnight in saline at room temperature; pain; animal info (225-250 grams).
P7020 Stoller,D.C., Smith,F.L. Buprenorphine blocks withdrawal in morphine-dependent rat pups. PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA 2004; 14(-8-):642-649. >>> Morphine sulphate; Water, distilled; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ isotonic saline; dependence; Vetbond tissue used.
P7012 Yoburn,B.C., Purohit,V., Patel,K., Zhang,Q.Y. Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 498(-1-3-):87-96. >>> Naloxone; etorphine hcl; morphine sulfate; Saline, normal; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received inert, placebo pellets or saline injections; comparison of SC injections vs. pellets vs. mp; tolerance; "Intermittent naloxone and etorphine treatment did not regulate u-opioid receptor or dynamin-2, despite the fact that the total amount of drug administered was the same as continuous treatment." (pg. 94); animal info (m, 22-30 grams).
P7011 Wang,C.H., Lee,T.H., Tsai,Y.J., Liu,J.K., Chen,Y.J., Yang,L.C., Lu,C.Y. Intrathecal cdk5 inhibitor, roscovitine, attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance in rats1. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2004; 25(-8-):1027-1030. >>> Roscovitine; morphine; DMSO; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Enzyme inhibitor (cyclin dependent kinase 5); tolerance.
P6990 Xu,G.P., Van Bockstaele,E., Reyes,B., Bethea,T., Valentino,R.J. Chronic morphine sensitizes the brain norepinephrine system to corticotropin-releasing factor and stress. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-38-):8193-8197. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.
P6896 Fornai,F., Schlueter,O.M., Lenzi,P., Gesi,M., Ruffoli,R., Ferrucci,M., Lazzeri,G., Busceti,C.L., Pontarelli,F., Battaglia,G., Pellegrini,A., Nicoletti,F., Ruggieri,S., Paparelli,A., Suedhof,T.C. Parkinson-like syndrome induced by continuous MPTP infusion: Convergent roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and alpha-synuclein. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2005; 102(-9-):3413-3418. >>> MPTP; L-dopa; apomorphine; IP; SC; Mice; 2004; 1-28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease); L-dopa and apomorphine group had SC implanted pumps; route is unclear for the MPTP group; "Continuous MPTP infusions thus recreate a disease state that mimics human PD better than acute MPTP bolus injections." (p. 3417); MPTP group received IP pumps (2004 model), verified by e-mailing author.
P6895 Poonawala,T., Levay-Young,B.K., Hebbel,R.P., Gupta,K. Opioids heal ischemic wounds in the rat. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2005; 13(-2-):165-174. >>> Morphine; PBS; SC; Rat; 8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of topical opioids and injections vs. mp; wound healing.
10. Pentazocine
P3459 Bergeron,R., de Montigny,C., Debonnel,G. Effect of short-term and long-term treatments with sigma ligands on the N-methyl-D-aspartate response in the CA(3) region of the rat dorsal hippocampus. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1997; 120(--):1351-1359. >>> Haloperidol; JO-1784; Pentazocine; DTG; SC; rat; 2-21 days; controls received mp w/saline; DTG is di(2-tolyl)guanidin.
P1911 Weissman,A.D., De Souza,E.B. Chronic treatment of rats with the specific sigma ligand D-pentazocine fails to modulate dopamine D2 and sigma binding in brain. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1991; 195(--):163-165. >>> Pentazocine, d-; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; no comment posted.
P0588 Schmidt,W.K., Tam,S.W., Shotzberger,G.S., Smith Jr,D.H., Clark,R., Vernier,V.G. Nalbuphine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1985; 14(--):339-362. >>> Ethylketocyclazocine; Heroin; Meperidine; Oxymorphone; Pentazocine; Propoxyphene; Bremazocine; Buprenorphine; Butorphanol; Methadone; Morphine; Nalbuphine; U-50,488H; SC; mice; 3 days; comparison of sc morphine pellets vs. mp infusion; comparison of agents effects; controls received unspecified placebo infusion.
11. Sufentanil
P4728 Diaz,A, Florez,J., Pazos,A, Hurle,M.A. Opioid tolerance and supersensitivity induce regional changes in the autoradiographic density of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels in the rat central nervous system.. Pain 2000; 86(--):227-235. >>> Sufentanil citrate; Nimodipine;; Saline; Ethanol; Propylene glycol; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; Group 1 received vehicle alone, Group 2 received chronic sufentanil, Group 3 received sufentanil&nimodipine, Group 4 received nimodipine alone; Nimodipine is a CA2+ antagonist opioid; sufentanil citrate was diluted in saline; nimodipine was diluted in 10% ethanol / 20% propylene glycol / 70% water.
P4727 Diaz,A, Pazos,A, Florez,J., Hurle,M.A. Autoradiographic mapping of m-opioid receptors during opiate tolerance and supersensitivity in the rat central nervous system.. Nauyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 2000; 362(--):101-109. >>> Sufentanil citrate; Nimodipine;; Saline; Ethanol; Propylene glycol; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; Group 1 received sufentanil, Group 2 received sufentanil&nimodipine, Group 3 received nimodipine, Group 4 received vehicle; Nimodipine is a Ca channel blocker; sufentanil was diluted in saline; nimodipine was diluted in 10% ethanol / 20% propylene glycol / 70% water;.
P4187 Garaulet,J.V., Laorden,M.L., Milanes,M.V. Cross-tolerance between mu- and kappa-opioid agonists in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1994; 269(-3-):993-999. >>> Sufentanil; Saline, sterile; SC; guinea-pig; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance.
P3361 Garaulet,J.V., Laorden,M.L., Milanes,M.V. Effect of chronic administration of dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel ligands on sufentanil-induced tolerance to u- and k- opioid agonists in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. Regul.Pept. 1996; 63(--):1-8. >>> Sufentanil; Nimodipine; Bay K 8644; Saline; SC; guinea-pig; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance.
P2081 Sosnowski,M., Yaksh,T.L. Differential cross-tolerance between intrathecal morphine and sufentanil in the rat. Anesthesiology 1990; 73(--):1141-1147. >>> Morphine sulfate; Sufentanil citrate; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; dose-response; tolerance; PE10 heat fused to PE60; externalized loop of catheter permitted cessation of infusion without pump removal.
P1529 Ayesta,F.J., Florez,J. Tolerance to respiratory actions of sufentanil: functional tolerance and route-dependent differential tolerance. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1989; 250(-1-):371-378. >>> Sufentanil citrate;; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of sc, iv&icv injections; tolerance; agent mu opioid receptor agonist; pumps left in longer than 7 days; "possibility that the minipump implanting process could influence the results was eliminated . . . no difference . . . in nonimplanted and implanted rats." (p. 372).
P1299 Millan,M.J., Morris,B.J. Long-term blockade of u-opioid receptors suggests a role in control of ingestive behaviour, body weight and core temperature in the rat. Brain Research 1988; 450(--):247-258. >>> Bremazocine; MR-2266; MR-2267; Naloxone; Sufentanil; DMSO; HCl; Sodium hydroxide; Propylene glycol; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 3, 6, 7 days; mp malfunction -- pump plugged at 4 days due to propylene glycol; water was vehicle for naloxone; propylene glycol, HCl, NaOH was vehicle for MR-2200; pump replaced at 3 days.
P1206 Fujinaga,M., Mazze,R.I., Jackson,E.C., Baden,J.M. Reproductive and teratogenic effects of sufentanil and alfentanil in sprague-dawley rats. Anesth.Analg. 1988; 67(--):166-169. >>> Alfentanil; Sufentanil; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response (text); 3 doses of sufentanil infused; agents infused separately; author states 'in terms of experimental design, the cost of using sc implanted osmotic minipumps is small'; teratology.
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“A continuous infusion paradigm was utilized in both experiments to minimize any potential hemodynamic side effects from bolus NTG administration... Cha et al., Pharm Bioch and Behav 2003;74:551-557.