References on Opioid Receptor Research Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

Q0697 Mathew,B., Lennon,F.E., Siegler,J., Mirzapoiazova,T., Mambetsariev,N., Sammani,S., Gerhold,L.M., LaRiviere,P.J., Chen,C.T., Garcia,J.G.N., Salgia,R., Moss,J., Singleton,P.A. The Novel Role of the Mu Opioid Receptor in Lung Cancer Progression: A Laboratory Investigation. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2011; 112(-3-):558-567. >>> Naltrexone, methyl; SC; Mice; 1002; 12 days; Controls received mp w/ PBS; animal info (MOR KO, C57BL/6 wt); cancer (lung); Methylnaltrexone (also known as MNTX) is a mu opioid receptor inhibitor.

Q0694 Quillinan,N., Lau,E.K., Virk,M., von Zastrow,M., Williams,J.T. Recovery from mu-Opioid Receptor Desensitization after Chronic Treatment with Morphine and Methadone. Journal of Neuroscience 2011; 31(-12-):4434-4443. >>> Morphine; methadone; Water; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; animal info (adult (150-250 g, male, Sprague Dawley).

Q0735 Raehal,K.M., Bohn,L.M. The role of beta-arrestin2 in the severity of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence induced by different opioid pain therapeutics. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60(-1-):58-65. >>> Morphine; methadone; fentanyl; oxycodone; Water, sterile, distilled; SC; Mice; 7 days; Animal info (male, WT, barr2-KO); dependence; wound clips used.

Q0845 Shen,C.H., Tsai,R.Y., Shih,M.S., Lin,S.L., Tai,Y.H., Chien,C.C., Wong,C.S. Etanercept Restores the Antinociceptive Effect of Morphine and Suppresses Spinal Neuroinflammation in Morphine-Tolerant Rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2011; 112(-2-):454-459. >>> Morphine; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 g); two intrathecal catheters inserted caudally into the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord; catheter was made by sealing PE-10 to silastic tubing with epoxy resin and silicone rubber; dead space of the catheter was about 8 ul; pain.

Q0846 Yamdeu,R.S., Shaqura,M., Mousa,S.A., Schaefer,M., Droese,J. p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation by Nerve Growth Factor in Primary Sensory Neurons Upregulatesμ-Opioid Receptors to Enhance Opioid Responsiveness Toward Better Pain Control. Anesthesiology 2011; 114(-1-):150-161. >>> Fentanyl propionanilide; buprenorphine hydrochloride; Saline, isotonic; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 96 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male Wistar, 200-250 g); pain.

Q0423 Doyle,T., Bryant,L., Muscoli,C., Cuzzocrea,S., Esposito,E., Chen,Z.M., Salvemini,D. Spinal NADPH oxidase is a source of superoxide in the development of morphine-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance. Neuroscience Letters 2010; 483(-2-):85-89. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

Q0746 Horvath,R.J., Romero-Sandoval,E.A., De Leo,J.A. Inhibition of microglial P2X(4) receptors attenuates morphine tolerance, Iba1, GFAP andμ opioid receptor protein expression while enhancing perivascular microglial ED2. Pain 2010; 150(-3-):401-413. >>> Morphine sulfate; naloxone; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 1, 4, 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 175-200 g); one pump contained morphine plus naloxone; "All morphine pumps were filled with 0.833 mg/kg/hr morphine to deliver the equivalent of twice daily 10 mg/kg injections over the course of 24 h" pg 402; tolerance.

P9960 Jackson,K.J., Carroll,F.I., Negus,S.S., Damaj,M.I. Effect of the selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist JDTic on nicotine antinociception, reward, and withdrawal in the mouse. Psychopharmacology 2010; 210(-2-):285-294. >>> Nicotine; Mice; 1007D; 7, 14 days; Animal info (8-10 wks old, 20-25 g); 28-day pumps used; withdrawal.

Q0840 Rowley,T.J., McKinstry,A., Greenidge,E., Smith,W., Flood,P. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of choline in a mouse model of postoperative pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010; 105(-2-):201-207. >>> Choline; SC; Mice; 24, 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, female, C57/Bl6, 6-10 wks old); behavioral testing (hind-paw withdrawal latency); ED50 choline dose was 1.7 (0.3) mg/kg/hr.

Q0764 Tumati,S., Roeske,W.R., Largent-Milnes,T., Wang,R., Vanderah,T.W., Varga,E.V. Sustained morphine-mediated pain sensitization and antinociceptive tolerance are blocked by intrathecal treatment with Raf-1-selective siRNA. British Journal of Pharmacology 2010; 161(-1-):51-64. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, adult, 200-225 g); behavioral testing (Mechanical allodynia, Antinociceptive tolerance).

Q0820 Zheng,H., Zeng,Y., Zhang,X.X., Chu,J., Loh,H.H., Law,P.Y. μ-Opioid Receptor Agonists Differentially Regulate the Expression of miR-190 and NeuroD. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 77(-1-):102-109. >>> Morphine; fentanyl; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (CD1 (ICR), 6-8 wks old).

Q0464 Chen,S.R., Samoriski,G., Pan,H.L. Antinociceptive effects of chronic administration of uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57(-2-):121-126. >>> Neramexane mesylate; memantine; gabapentin; Saline, sterile; water; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, 225-250 g, STZ induced diabetes); functionality of mp verified by plasma drug levels; post op. care (penicillin); wound clips used; neuropathic pain.

P9594 Sirohi,S., Dighe,S.V., Madia,P.A., Yoburn,B.C. The Relative Potency of Inverse Opioid Agonists and a Neutral Opioid Antagonist in Precipitated Withdrawal and Antagonism of Analgesia and Toxicity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2009; 330(-2-):513-519. >>> Fentanyl; SC; Mice; 2001; 72 hours; Dependence; animal info (Swiss-Webster, 25-33g).

Q0272 van Dorp,E.L.A., Kest,B., Kowalczyk,W.J., Morariu,A.M., Waxman,A.R., Arout,C.A., Dahan,A., Sarton,E.Y. Morphine-6 beta-glucuronide Rapidly increases Pain Sensitivity Independently of Opioid Receptor Activity in Mice and Humans. Anesthesiology 2009; 110(-6-):1356-1363. >>> Morphine-6 beta-glucuronide; MK-801; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; ; Animal info (adult, male, CD-1, TrKO, B6129F1); "Osmotic pumps afford continuous opioid infusions and control for hyperalgesia associated with withdrawal in opioid-dependent subjects that potentially confounds experiments in which chronic opioid treatment is accomplished via repeated acute injections." pg 1357.

P9868 Virk,M.S., Arttamangkul,S., Birdsong,W.T., Williams,J.T. Buprenorphine Is a Weak Partial Agonist That Inhibits Opioid Receptor Desensitization. Journal of Neuroscience 2009; 29(-22-):7341-7348. >>> Buprenorphine; DMSO; water; Rat; 2ML1; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma drug levels; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 150-200 g.); 40% DMSO used; "the osmotic minipump delivered buprenorphine efficiently and predictably" pg. 7342.

Q0747 Wang,W.F., Baghdoyan,H.A., Lydic,R. Leptin Replacement Restores Supraspinal Cholinergic Antinociception in Leptin-Deficient Obese Mice. JOURNAL OF PAIN 2009; 10(-8-):836-843. >>> Leptin; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Animal info (adult, male, B6, obese); functionality of mp verified by leptin ELISA kit; obesity.

Q0727 Waxman,A.R., Arout,C., Caldwell,M., Dahan,A., Kest,B. Acute and chronic fentanyl administration causes hyperalgesia independently of opioid receptor activity in mice. Neuroscience Letters 2009; 462(-1-):68-72. >>> Fentanyl; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (adult, male, CD-1); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; "Although acute fentanyl injection (0.25 mg/kg) caused hyperalgesia within 15 min, hyperalgesia was not similarly evident on infusion Day 1 even though pumps were filled with a fentanyl dose (10mg/kg/24 h) that dispenses ~0.42 mg/kg/h, almost double the dose given by bolus injection." pg 71.

P9157 Goicoechea,C., Sanchez,E., Cano,C., Jagerovic,N., Martin,M.I. Analgesic activity and pharmacological characterization of N-[1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl]-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl] propenamide, a new opioid agonist acting peripherally. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 595(-1-3-):22-29. >>> Fentanyl; IQMF-4; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; animal info (male, CD1, 25-30 g.); IQMF-4 also known as N-[1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl]-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl] propenamide, is a fentanyl analog; behavioral testing (nociceptive response).

P8864 Hesketh,S.A., Brennan,A.K., Jessop,D.S., Finn,D.P. Effects of chronic treatment with citalopram on cannabinoid and opioid receptor-mediated G-protein coupling in discrete rat brain regions. Psychopharmacology 2008; 198(-1-):29-36. >>> Citalopram; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Comparison of IP injections vs. mp; animal info (adult, male, Sprague Dawley, 200g.); paper incorrectly states 2ML2 pump model as 2002.

P9162 Kumar,P., Sunkaraneni,S., Sirohi,S., Dighe,S.V., Walker,E.A., Yoburn,B.C. Hydromorphone efficacy and treatment protocol impact on tolerance and mu-opioid receptor regulation. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 597(-1-3-):39-45. >>> Hydromorphone; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received inert placebo pellet; tolerance; animal info (male, Swiss Webster, 22-30 g.); "There was substantially more tolerance with infusion treatment compared to injection treatment." pg. 43.

P9445 Sirohi,S., Dighe,S.V., Walker,E.A., Yoburn,B.C. The analgesic efficacy of fentanyl: Relationship to tolerance and mu-opioid receptor regulation. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2008; 91(-1-):115-120. >>> Fentanyl hydrochloride; Saline; SC; Mice; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets; dose-response (fig. 3); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Swiss Webster, 23-35 g.).

P9164 Sud,R., Spengler,R.N., Nader,N.D., Ignatowski,T.A. Antinociception occurs with a reversal in alpha2-adrenoceptor regulation of TNF production by peripheral monocytes/macrophages from pro- to anti-inflammatory. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 588(-2-3-):217-231. >>> Tumor necrosis factor, recomb. rat; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit used; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 200-300 g.); gentamycin was added to the aCSF to prevent bacterial growth; rat albumin was added to stabilize the infused compound.

P8708 Sirohi,S., Kumar,P., Yoburn,B.C. mu-opioid receptor up-regulation and functional supersensitivity are independent of antagonist efficacy. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 323(-2-):701-707. >>> Naltrexol HCl, 6B-; naloxone HCl; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets; dose-response (fig 3, 5); comparison of pellets, SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, Swiss-Webster, 22-30g).

P8494 Stoller,D.C., Sim-Selley,L.J., Smith,F.L. Role of kappa and delta opioid receptors in mediating morphine-induced antinociception in morphine-tolerant infant rats. Brain Research 2007; 1142(--):28-36. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; post op. care (10% povidone iodine swab); animal info (P14, 30 g); Vetbond tissue adhesive used to close incision.

P6900 Berrendero,F., Mendizabal,V., Robledo,P., Galeote,L., Bilkei-Gorzo,A., Zimmer,A., Maldonado,R. Nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and physical dependence are decreased in mice lacking the preproenkephalin gene. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-5-):1103-1112. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 2001; 6 days; Dependence.

P7680 Damaj,M.I. Calcium-acting drugs modulate expression and development of chronic tolerance to nicotine-induced antinociception in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 315(-2-):959-964. >>> Nicotine; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 962).

P7446 Gaitan,G., Ahuir,F.J., Herrero,J.F. Enhancement of fentanyl antinociception by subeffective doses of nitroparacetamol (NCX-701) in acute nociception and in carrageenan-induced monoarthritis. LIFE SCIENCES 2005; 77(-1-):85-95. >>> Fentanyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-320 g).

P7465 Lenard,N.R., Roerig,S.C. Development of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence following morphine i.c.v. infusion in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005; 527(-1-3-):71-76. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of sc pellets vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 73); tolerance; dependence; cyanoacrylate adhesive; post op. care (antibacterial ointment); animal info (male, 28-45 g); mp primed in sterile saline 37C overnight.

P6906 Roy,S., Guo,X.H., Kelschenbach,J., Liu,Y.X., Loh,H.H. In vivo activation of a mutant mu-opioid receptor by naltrexone produces a potent analgesic effect but no tolerance: role of mu-receptor activation and omega-receptor blockade in morphine tolerance. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-12-):3229-3233. >>> Naltrindole; SNC-80; SC; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P7624 Tanaka,S., Fan,L.W., Tien,L.T., Park,Y., Liu-Chen,L.Y., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Butorphanol dependence increases hippocampal kappa-opioid receptor gene expression. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2005; 82(-2-):255-263. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Saline, physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (procaine penicillin G; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-275 g).

P7344 Zhang,Q.Y., Purohit,V., Yoburn,B.C. Continuous opioid agonist treatment dose-dependently regulates mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in mouse spinal cord. Synapse 2005; 56(-3-):123-128. >>> Etorphine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellet; dose-response (p. 125, 126).

P6401 Bailey,A., Davis,L., Lesscher,H.M.B., Kelly,M.D.W., Ledent,C., Hourani,S.M.O., Kitchen,I. Enhanced morphine withdrawal and mu-opioid receptor G-protein coupling in A2A adenosine receptor knockout in mice. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004; 88(-4-):827-834. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P6432 Hummel,M., Ansonoff,M.A., Pintar,J.E., Unterwald,E.M. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of mu opioid receptors in mice reveals a differential effect on behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Neuroscience 2004; 125(-1-):211-220. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 1002; 21 days; Pumps replaced at day 13; behavioral study.

P7011 Wang,C.H., Lee,T.H., Tsai,Y.J., Liu,J.K., Chen,Y.J., Yang,L.C., Lu,C.Y. Intrathecal cdk5 inhibitor, roscovitine, attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance in rats1. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2004; 25(-8-):1027-1030. >>> Roscovitine; morphine; DMSO; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Enzyme inhibitor (cyclin dependent kinase 5); tolerance.

P7012 Yoburn,B.C., Purohit,V., Patel,K., Zhang,Q.Y. Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 498(-1-3-):87-96. >>> Naloxone; etorphine hcl; morphine sulfate; Saline, normal; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received inert, placebo pellets or saline injections; comparison of SC injections vs. pellets vs. mp; tolerance; "Intermittent naloxone and etorphine treatment did not regulate u-opioid receptor or dynamin-2, despite the fact that the total amount of drug administered was the same as continuous treatment." (pg. 94); animal info (m, 22-30 grams).

P5962 Fan,L.W., Tien,L.T., Tanaka,S., Ma,T., Chudapongse,N., Sinchaisuk,S., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Changes in the brain kappa-opioid receptor levels of rats in withdrawal from physical dependence upon butorphanol. Neuroscience 2003; 121(-4-):1063-1074. >>> Butorphanol; morphine; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (penicillin, 0.5% sensorcaine in wound site); guide cannula with stylet was used; dental cement used to adhere cannula to skull; protective aluminuim cap was placed around the cannula; tygon tubing was used; solutions were filter sterilized during filling of the pumps; brain diagram (p. 1066).

P5717 Lin,C.R., Yang,L.C., You,H.L., Lee,C.T., Tai,M.H., Tan,P.H., Lin,M.W., Cheng,J.T. Antinociceptive potentiation and attenuation of tolerance by intrathecal electric stimulation in rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2003; 96(-6-):1711-1716. >>> Morphine; Saline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 1713) 10 animals excluded from study, 5 due to implantation failure, 3 due to pump failure, 2 due to infection; dependence; PE-10 joined to PE-20, which was joined to PE-60.

P5909 Morinville,A., Cahill,C.M., Esdaile,M.J., Aibak,H., Collier,B., Kieffer,B.L., Beaudet,A. Regulation of delta-opioid receptor trafficking via mu-opioid receptor stimulation: Evidence from mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23(-12-):4888-4898. >>> Fentanyl Citrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; analgesic; "because of its reported short half-life and duration of action, fentanyl citrate was also administered chronically via osmotic mini-pumps." p. 4889; multiple pumps per animal (2).

P6702 Rajashekara,V., Patel,C.N., Patel,K., Purohit,V., Yoburn,B.C. Chronic opioid antagonist treatment dose-dependently regulates mu-opioid receptors and trafficking proteins in vivo. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2003; 75(-4-):909-913. >>> Naloxone HCL; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets; dose-response (fig.2).

P5740 Berrendero,F., Kieffer,B.L., Maldonado,R. Attenuation of nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and dependence in mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 22(-24-):10935-10940. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; morphine; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual drug volume; good methods (p. 150); dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin G); guide cannula&stylet used; dental cement secured cannula.

P6207 Fan,L.W., Tanaka,S., Park,Y., Sasaki,K., Ma,T.G., Tien,L.T., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Butorphanol dependence and withdrawal decrease hippocampal K-2-opioid receptor binding. Brain Research 2002; 958(-2-):277-290. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; good methods (p. 279); dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin).

P5172 Glass,M.J., Briggs,J.E., Billington,C.J., Kotz,C.M., Levine,A.S. Opioid receptor blockade in rat nucleus tractus solitarius alters amygdala dynorphin gene expression. Am.J Physiol Regul.Integr.Comp Physiol 2002/7; 283(-1-):R161-R167. >>> Naltrexone; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (nucleus of solitary tract); Rat; 1007D; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit used; 7-day recovery period; cannula placement verifyed by histological examination.

P5492 Gomes,B.A., Shen,J., Stafford,K., Patel,M., Yoburn,B.C. mu-opioid receptor down-regulation and tolerance are not equally dependent upon G-protein signaling. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 72(-1-2-):273-278. >>> Etorphine HCl; morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Mice; 3 days; Tolerance.

P5479 Sinchaisuk,S., Ho,I.K., Rockhold,R.W. Focal kappa-opioid receptor-mediated dependence and withdrawal in the nucleus paragigantocellularis. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 74(-1-):241-252. >>> Morphine sulfate; butorphanol tratrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; minipumps were inserted 6-10 days after guide cannula implantation; stylet used.

P5341 Stoller,D.C., Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Loss of antinociceptive efficacy in rat pups infused with morphine from osmotic minipumps. Pharmacology 2002; 66(-1-):11-18. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; toxicology; teratology; tolerance; dependence; 6-day and 14-day old rat pups implanted; incision closed w/ vetbond tissue adhesive.

P5226 Wang,J., Charboneau,R., Balasubramanian,S., Barke,R.A., Loh,H.H., Roy,S. The immunosuppressive effects of chronic morphine treatment are partially dependent on corticosterone and mediated by the mu-opioid receptor. J Leukoc.Biol 2002/5; 71(-5-):782-790. >>> Corticosterone; PEG 400; SC; Mice; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by corticosterone plasma levels; dose-response (p. 784); immunology;.

P4912 Hutcheson,D.M., Matthes,H.W.D., Valjent,E., Sanchez-Blazquez,P., Rodriguez-Diaz,M., Garzon,J., Kieffer,B.L., Maldonado,R. Lack of dependence and rewarding effects of deltorphin II in mu-opioid receptor-deficient mice. European Journal of Neuroscience 2001; 13(--):153-161. >>> Deltorphin II; CSF/CNS (third ventricle); mice; 2001; 6 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of ICV injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 154); good methods (mice ICV implant; p. 154); 5-day recovery period; competitive injection was by Hamilton microsyringe; histological analysis confirmed cannula placementand lack of tissue damage;.

P4966 Stafford,K., Gomes,A.B., Shen,J., Yoburn,B.C. Mu-opioid receptor downregulation contributes to opioid tolerance in vivo. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2001; 69(--):233-237. >>> Etorphine hydrochloride; Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; mice; 2001; 7 days; controls received placebo pellet; functionality of mp verified by analgesia "tail-flick" dose-response test; comparison of morphine pellets vs. mp; tolerance; receptor downregulation; animal info (male, swiss webster, 22-40 grams).

P4790 Vanderah,T.W., Suenaga,N.M.H., Ossipov,M.H., Malan,TP Jr, Lai,J., Porreca,F. Tonic descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla mediates opioid-induced abnormal pain and antinociceptive tolerance.. Journal of Neuroscience 2001; 21(-1-):279-286. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of pellets vs. mp; also used morphine pellets; pain.

P4727 Diaz,A, Pazos,A, Florez,J., Hurle,M.A. Autoradiographic mapping of m-opioid receptors during opiate tolerance and supersensitivity in the rat central nervous system.. Nauyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 2000; 362(--):101-109. >>> Sufentanil citrate; Nimodipine;; Saline; Ethanol; Propylene glycol; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; Group 1 received sufentanil, Group 2 received sufentanil&nimodipine, Group 3 received nimodipine, Group 4 received vehicle; Nimodipine is a Ca channel blocker; sufentanil was diluted in saline; nimodipine was diluted in 10% ethanol / 20% propylene glycol / 70% water;.

P4792 Holter,S.M., Henniger,M.S.H., Lipkowski,A.W., Spanagel,R. Kappa-opioid receptors and relapse-like drinking in long-term ethanol-experienced rats.. Psychopharmacology 2000; 153(--):93-102. >>> CI-977;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2 weeks;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; CI-977 is a K-opioid receptor antagonist, also called enadoline; Ci-977 has a very short duration of action, therefore this drug was given chronically by osmotic mini-pumps ..." (p. 94).

P4674 Shen,J, Gomes,B, Gallagher,A, Stafford,K, Yoburn,B.C. Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in opioid agonist-induced m-opioid receptor downregulation and tolerance in mice.. Synapse 2000; 38(--):322-327. >>> Etorphine; Morphine;; SC;; mice;; 2001;; 2, 3 days;; Controls received inert placebo pellet; opioid agonists; etorphine infused for 2 days; morphine infused for 3 days; morphine pellets also used in mp/morphine implanted mice;.

P4602 Cowen,M.S, Rezvani,A.H, Jarrott,B, Lawrence,A.J  Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999/6; 23(-6-):1008-1014. >>> Naltrexone;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 4 weeks;; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P4191 Azaryan,A.V., Clock,B.J., Rosenberger,J.G., Cox,B.M. Transient upregulation of m opioid receptor mRNA levels in nucleus accumbens during chronic cocaine administration. Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol. 1998; 76(--):278-283. >>> Cocaine HCl; SKF-82958; Bromocriptine; Hydrobromide, R(+)-6-bromo-APB; PD 128907; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 24,48,66,72,90,96,168,336 hours; controls received mp w/vehicle; dopamine agonists.

P4023 McConnaughey,M., Zhai,Q.Z., Ingenito,A.J. Effects on rat brain k1-and k2-opioid receptors after chronic treatment with non-peptide k-agonists. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1998; 50(--):1121-1125. >>> U-50,488H; U-62,066E; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; U-62066E also called spiradoline; kappa agonist.

P4308 Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Long-term alterations in opiate antinociception resulting from infant fentanyl tolerance and dependence. European Journal of Pharmacology 1998; 363(--):113-119. >>> Fentanyl HCl;; Saline;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 3-5 days;; controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P4307 Unterwald,E.M., Anton,B., To,T., Lam,H., Evans,C.J. Quantitative immunolocalization of mu opioid receptors: regulation by naltrexone. Neuroscience 1998; 85(-3-):897-905. >>> Naltrexone HCl;; Saline, sterile;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; controls received mp with vehicle;.

P3490 Chan,K.W., Duttory,A., Yoburn,B.C. Magnitude of tolerance to fentanyl is independent of m-opioid receptor density. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1997; 319(--):225-228. >>> Fentanyl; SC; mice; 2001; 3 days; controls received placebo pellet; tolerance.

P4406 Easterling,K.W., Holtzman,S.G. Intracranial self-stimulation in rats: Sensitization to opioid antagonist following acute or chronic treatment with mu opioid agonists. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1997; 281(-1-):188-199. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 10 days; Tolerance; dependence; multiple pumps per animal (2).

P4318 Sanchez-Blazquez,P., Garcia-Espana,A., Garzon,J. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to opioid mu and delta receptors reduced morphine dependence in mice: role of delta-2 opioid receptors. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1997; 280(-3-):1423-1431. >>> Oligodeoxynucleotide, antisense;; Saline;; CSF/CNS;; rat;; 2ML4;; 21 days;; dependence; antisense; pain;.

P4229 Sehba,F., Duttaroy,A., Shah,S., Chen,B., Carroll,J., Yoburn,B.C. In vivo homologous regulation of m-opioid receptor gene expression in the mouse. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1997; 339(--):33-41. >>> Etorphine HCl; Saline; SC; mice; 2001; 7 days; controls received inert placebo pellet; dose-response (p. 35-38); tolerance.

P3819 Zhai,Q.Z., Ingenito,A.J. Sustained antihypertensive effects of chronic administration of two k-opioid agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am.J.Ther. 1997; 4(--):173-180. >>> U-50,488H; U-62,066E; Water, sterile; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; cardiovascular; U-62,066E is spiradoline.

P3446 Azaryan,A.V., Clock,B.J., Cox,B.M. Mu opioid receptor mRNA in nucleus accumbens is elevated following dopamine receptor activation. Neurochem.Res. 1996; 21(-11-):1411-1415. >>> Hydrobromide, R(+)-6-bromo-APB-SKF-38393; Nafadotride, (5)-bromocriptine; Cocaine HCl; Saline; rat; 2ML1; 3 days; controls received mp w/ saline.

P3313 Azaryan,A.V., Coughlin,L.J., Buzas,B., Clock,B.J., Cox,B.M. Effect of chronic cocaine treatment on m- and d-opioid receptor mRNA levels in dopaminergically innervated brain regions. J.Neurochem. 1996; 66(--):443-448. >>> Cocaine HCl; Eticlopride; SCH-23390; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; eticlopride is a D1&D2 receptor antagonist.

P3432 Bhargava,H.N., Zhao,G.M., House,R.V., Thomas,P.T. Effects of chronic administration of 7-benzylidene-7-dehydronaltrexone and naltriben on the antinociceptive actions of d1- and d2-opioid receptor agonists. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 311(--):127-132. >>> BNTX; Naltriben; DMSO; Saline; SC; mice; 1007D; 7 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; BNTX is 7-benzylidene-7-dehydronaltrexone.

P3336 Feng,Y.Z., Zhang,T., Tokuyama,S., Zhu,H., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. m- and d-opioid receptor antagonists precipitate similar withdrawal phenomena in butorphanol and morphine dependence. Neurochem.Res. 1996; 21(-1-):63-71. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Morphine HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; dependence; animals allowed 1 week recovery after cannulae placement-stylet maintained cannulae patency; bupivacaine given for post-operative pain relief.

P3361 Garaulet,J.V., Laorden,M.L., Milanes,M.V. Effect of chronic administration of dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel ligands on sufentanil-induced tolerance to u- and k- opioid agonists in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. Regul.Pept. 1996; 63(--):1-8. >>> Sufentanil; Nimodipine; Bay K 8644; Saline; SC; guinea-pig; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance.

P3467 Hoshi,K., Ma,T., Ho,I.K. Precipitated k-opioid receptor agonist withdrawal increases glutamate in rat locus coeruleus. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 314(--):301-306. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; U-69593; Ethanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 3 days; controls received vehicle infusion; dependence.

P3428 Izenwasser,S., Heller,B., Cox,B.M. Continuous cocaine administration enhances m- but not d-opioid receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity in nucleus accumbens. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 297(--):187-191. >>> Cocaine HCl; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; no comment posted.

P3338 Noble,F., Cox,B.M. Differential desensitization of u- and d- opioid receptors in selected neural pathways following chronic morphine treatment. British J.Pharmacol. 1996; 117(--):161-169. >>> Morphine sulfate; SC; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/saline; dependence.

P3183 Weems,H.B., Chalecka-Franaszek,E., Cote,T.E. Solubilization of high-affinity, guanine nucleotide-sensitive mu-opioid receptors from rat brain membranes. J.Neurochem. 1996; 66(--):1042-1050. >>> Naltrexone; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; no comment posted.

P3170 Fundytus,M.E., Schiller,P.W., Shapiro,M., Weltrowska,G., Coderre,T.J. Attenuation of morphine tolerance and dependence with the highly selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist TIPP. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1995; 286(--):105-108. >>> Morphine sulfate; Naltrindole; TIPP; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; no duration posted; controls received mp with saline; peptides; tolerance; dependence; morphine pump implanted sub-q; antagonist pump implanted concomitantly; TIPP is H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH; TIPP-psi is H-Tyr-Tic psi [CH2-NH] Phe-Phe-OH.

P2809 Keck,B.J., Stafinsky,J.L., Uram,M., Crisp,T. A lack of supersensitivity to opioid receptor agonists following chronic spinal opioid receptor antagonist administration in the rat. Gen.Pharmacol. 1995; 26(-1-):161-168. >>> CTOP; Naltrindole HCl; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp with saline; CTOP is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist; rats allowed 7 days to recover from intrathecal catheter placement surgery; tubing left on the back to allow disconnection.

P2887 Malmberg,A.B., Yaksh,T.L. Effect of continuous intrathecal infusion of w-conopeptides, N-type calcium-channel blockers, on behavior and antinociception in the formalin and hot-plate tests in rats. Pain 1995; 60(--):83-90. >>> SNX-111; SNX-239; Morphine sulfate; Saline, physiological; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 2 or 7 days; controls received mp with saline; peptides; tolerance; PE-10 tubing into spinal cord fused with PE-60 tubing on pump; catheter filled with saline to delay drug infusion 18 hours; SNX-111 and SNX-239 are w-conopeptides and calcium channel blockers.

P3155 Menard,D.P., van Rossum,D., Kar,S., Jolicoeur,F.B., Jhamandas,K., Quirion,R. Tolerance to the antinociceptive properties of morphine in the rat spinal cord: alteration of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunostaining and receptor binding sites. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1995; 273(-2-):887-894. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 2002; 3,5,7,14 days; controls received mp with saline; tolerance; catheter tubing filled with saline.

P3316 Unterwald,E.M., Rubenfeld,J.M., Imai,Y., Wang,J.B., Uhl,G.R., Kreek,M.J. Chronic opioid antagonist administration upregulates mu opioid receptor binding without altering mu opioid receptor mRNA levels. Mol.Brain Research 1995; 33(--):351-355. >>> Naltrexone; Saline, sterile; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline.

P2616 Baskin,D.S., Widmayer,M.A., Browning,J.L., Heizer,M.L., Schmidt,W.K. Evaluation of delayed treatment of focal cerebral ischemia with three selective kappa-opioid agonists in cats. Stroke 1994; 25(-10-):2047-2054. >>> Dynorphin A (1-13); U-50,488; DuP E3800; SC; cat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; no stress (see pg. 2048); ischemia (cerebral).

P4187 Garaulet,J.V., Laorden,M.L., Milanes,M.V. Cross-tolerance between mu- and kappa-opioid agonists in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1994; 269(-3-):993-999. >>> Sufentanil; Saline, sterile; SC; guinea-pig; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance.

P2740 Goodman,C.B., Emilien,B., Cadet,J.L., Rothman,R.B. Chronic ICV infusion of morphine and NPFF down-regulate mu opioid receptors in rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Regul.Pept. 1994; 54(-1-):107-108. >>> Morphine; NPFF; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2002; 13 days; controls received mp w/ saline; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used; NPFF is also known as morphine modulating peptide.

P2569 Igwe,O.J. Modulation of substance P-ergic system in the rat spinal cord by an opioid antagonist. Mol.Brain Research 1994; 21(--):263-273. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Water, distilled; Cyclodextrin; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 8 or 15 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P2869 Jaffe,S.B., Sobieszczyk,S., Wardlaw,S.L. Effect of opioid antagonism on B-endorphin processing and proopiomelanocortin-peptide release in the hypothalamus. Brain Research 1994; 648(--):24-31. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Lactic acid; SC; rat; 7 days; controls received empty silastic implants.

P2874 Jaw,S.P., Makimura,M., Oh,K.W., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Involvement of k-opioid receptors in opioid dependence/withdrawal: studies using butorphanol. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1994; 257(--):153-160. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp with saline; dependence; animals allowed to recover 1 week after cannulation before pump implanted; butorphanol is an opioid agonist/antagonist.

P2769 Narita,M., Feng,Y., Makimura,M., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. A protein kinase inhibitor, h-7, inhibits the development of tolerance to opioid antinociception. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1994; 271(--):543-545. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; H7; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance; enzyme inhibitor; H7 administered alone or concomitantly w/morphine and butorphanol in the same pump; one week recovery allowed after icv surgery.

P3555 Paronis,C.A., Holtzman,S.G. Sensitization and tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of mu-opioid agonists. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114(--):601-610. >>> Naloxone HCl; Morphine sulfate; Meperidine HCl; Fentanyl citrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received sham pumps; tolerance.

P3002 Shieh,G.-J., Walters,D.E. Altered neurochemical and behavioral development of 10-day-old rats perinatally exposed to the k opioid agonist U-50,488H. Neurosci.Lett. 1994; 176(--):37-40. >>> U-50,488H; Saline; rat (pregnant); 28 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology.

P2707 Tiseo,P.J., Cheng,J., Pasternak,G.W., Inturrisi,C.E. Modulation of morphine tolerance by the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist LY274614: assessment of opioid receptor changes. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1994; 268(-1-):195-201. >>> LY-274614; Saline, sterile; SC; rat; 2ML1; 8 days; controls received mp w/ saline; "The use of the osmotic pump allows pharmacokinetic differences (ie. elimination rates) among coadministered drugs to be minimized." (pg. 199); tolerance.

P3058 Yoburn,B.C., Duttaroy,A., Shah,S., Davis,T. Opioid antagonist-induced receptor upregulation: effects of concurrent agonist administration. Brain Res.Bull. 1994; 33(-2-):237-240. >>> Naloxone; Fentanyl citrate; Etorphine HCl; NaCl; SC; mice; 2001; 2002; 7-8 days; controls received placebo pellets.

P1405 Alcaraz,C., Milanes,M.V., Vargas,M.L. Chronic kappa opioid receptor antagonism produces supersensitivity to U-50,488H at the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis level. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 266(-3-):1385-1389. >>> Naloxone; Water, distilled; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/water.

P2670 Chen,J.F., Aloyo,V.J., Weiss,B. Continuous treatment with the D2 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole decreases D2 dopamine receptors, D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA and proenkephalin messenger RNA, and increases mu opioid receptors in mouse striatum. Neuroscience 1993; 54(-3-):669-680. >>> Quinpirole; SKF-38393; Ascorbic acid; DMSO; mice; 6 days; Quinpirole is a dopamine agonist; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P3240 Cote,T.E., Izenwasser,S., Weems,H.B. Naltrexone-induced upregulation of mu opioid receptors on 7315c cell and brain membranes: enhancement of opioid efficacy in inhibiting adenylyl cyclase. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 267(-1-):238-244. >>> Naltrexone; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline.

P2324 Jaw,S.P., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Opioid antagonists and butorphanol dependence. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1993; 44(--):497-500. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; dependence.

P3674 Jaw,S.P., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Involvement of d-opioid receptors in physical dependence on butorphanol. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1993; 240(--):67-72. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; 300,000 units of procaine penicillinG given sc post-surgically and allowed one week to recover before infusion; dependence.

P2720 Lee,P.H.K., McNutt,R.W., Chang,K.-J. A nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonist, BW373U86, attenuates the development and expression of morphine abstinence precipitated by naloxone in rat. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 267(-2-):883-887. >>> BW373U86; Naltrindole; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; BW 373U86 is a selective delta opioid receptor agonist; in some animals BW373U86 and naltrindole were co-infused.

P2287 Rivest,S., Plotsky,P.M., Rivier,C. CRF alters the infundibular LHRH secretory system from the medial preoptic area of female rats: possible involvement of opioid receptors. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 57(--):236-246. >>> Corticotropin-rel. factor; Ascorbic acid; Albumin, bovine serum; Saline; CSF/CNS (hypothalamic medial preoptic area); rat; 2001; 7 days; two pumps connected to double internal cannula; animals were ovariectomized.

P2877 Rocha,L., Ackermann,R.F., Nassir,Y., Chugani,H.T., Engel Jr,J. Characterization of mu opioid receptor binding during amygdala kindling in rats and effects of chronic naloxone pretreatment: an autoradiographic study. Epilepsy Res. 1993; 14(--):195-208. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline; functionality of pump verified with pump emptying.

P3341 Suzuki,T., Funada,M., Narita,M., Misawa,M., Nagase,H. Morphine-induced place preference in the CXBK mouse: characteristics of u opioid receptor subtypes. Brain Research 1993; 602(--):45-52. >>> SCH-23390; DMSO; Water; SC; mice; 2001; no duration posted; controls received mp w/vehicle; pump implanted in flank.

P3060 Yoburn,B.C., Billings,B., Duttaroy,A. Opioid receptor regulation in mice. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 265(-1-):314-320. >>> Etorphine HCl; Fentanyl citrate; Naloxone HCl; NaCl; SC; mice; 2001; 2002; 7-8 Days; controls received placebo pellets; dose-response; comparison of sc fentanyl injections vs. mp; good methods; tolerance.

P2371 Markowitz,C.E., Berkowitz,K.M., Jaffe,S.B., Wardlaw,S.L. Effect of opioid receptor antagonism on proopiomelanocortin peptide levels and gene expression in the hypothalamus. Mol.and Cellular Neurosciences 1992; 3(--):184-190. >>> Naltrexone; Lactic acid; SC; rat; 1-3 weeks; controls received empty silastic implants; comparison of sc injections vs. mp.

P2868 Wong,C.-S., Su,Y.-F., Watkins,W.D., Chang,K.-J. Continuous intrathecal opioid treatment abolishes the regulatory effects of magnesium and guanine nucleotides on mu opioid receptor binding in rat spinal membranes. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1992; 262(-1-):317-326. >>> PL 017; Morphine; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 5 days; controls received saline injection instead of pertussis toxin; peptides; PL 017 is a selective mu opioid receptor agonist; tolerance.

P2109 Yang,C.-Y., Wu,W.-H., Zbuzek,V.K. Antinociceptive effect of chronic nicotine and nociceptive effect of its withdrawal measured by hot-plate and tail-flick in rats. Psychopharmacology 1992; 106(--):417-420. >>> Nicotine free base; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels (pg.419); tolerance.

P3174 Millan,M.J., Colpaert,F.C. Opioid systems in the response to inflammatory pain: sustained blockade suggests role of kappa- but not mu-opioid receptors in the modulation of nociception, behaviour and pathology. Neuroscience 1991; 42(-2-):541-553. >>> Naloxone; Water, sterile; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp with vehicle; mp placed on flank.

P2066 Morris,B.J., Millan,M.J. Inability of an opioid antagonist lacking negative intrinsic activity to induce opioid receptor up-regulation in vivo. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1991; 102(--):883-886. >>> MR-2266; MR-2267; Propylene glycol; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; benzomorphans.

P2440 Teskey,G.C., Kavaliers,M. Modifications of social conflict-induced analgesic and activity responses in male mice receiving chronic opioid agonist and antagonist treatments. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1991; 38(--):485-493. >>> Levorphanol tartrate; Naltrexone HCl; U-50,488H; ICI-154,129; Saline; IP; mice; 2001; 7 days; functionality of mp verified by measuring residual pump volume; tolerance.