References on Opioid Receptor Research Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

R0117 Stevens,C.W. Perspectives on opioid tolerance from basic research: behavioural studies after spinal administration in rodents. Cancer Surveys 1994; 21(--):25-47. >>> Morphine; DADLE; ST-91; Sufentanil; DAMGO; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; cancer; peptides; tolerance; comprehensive review of mp infusion methods using y-catheter.

P9157 Goicoechea,C., Sanchez,E., Cano,C., Jagerovic,N., Martin,M.I. Analgesic activity and pharmacological characterization of N-[1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl]-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl] propenamide, a new opioid agonist acting peripherally. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 595(-1-3-):22-29. >>> Fentanyl; IQMF-4; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; animal info (male, CD1, 25-30 g.); IQMF-4 also known as N-[1-phenylpyrazol-3-yl]-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl] propenamide, is a fentanyl analog; behavioral testing (nociceptive response).

P9110 Banaszak,S., Brudney,A., Donnelly,K., Chai,D., Chwalisz,K., Fazleabas,A.T. Modulation of the action of chorionic gonadotropin in the baboon (Papio anubis) uterus by a progesterone receptor antagonist (ZK 137. 316). Biol.Reprod. 2000/9; 63(-3-):820-825. >>> Gonadotrophin, human chorionic; Intraovarian; Monkey (baboon); 4 days; Animal info (ovariectomized).

P8814 Farr,T.D., Carswell,H.V.O., Gsell,W., Macrae,I.M. Estrogen receptor beta agonist diarylpropiolnitrile (DPN) does not mediate neuroprotection in a rat model of permanent focal ischemia. Brain Research 2007; 1185(-;-):275-282. >>> Diarylpropiolnitrile; Saline; DMSO; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; replacement therapy (ovariectomy); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 277) infection in shoulder at mp tip (2 animals); MRI; post op. care (Baytril, Rimadyl); ischemia (cerebral); animal info (female, Lister Hooded, 180-200g., MCAO); "this strain was more susceptible to surgical wound infection than other strains" (p. 279); 50% DMSO used.

P8708 Sirohi,S., Kumar,P., Yoburn,B.C. mu-opioid receptor up-regulation and functional supersensitivity are independent of antagonist efficacy. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 323(-2-):701-707. >>> Naltrexol HCl, 6B-; naloxone HCl; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets; dose-response (fig 3, 5); comparison of pellets, SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, Swiss-Webster, 22-30g).

P8591 Shippenberg,T.S., Herz,A. Place preference conditioning reveals the involvement of D1-dopamine receptors in the motivational properties of mu-and kappa-opioid agonists. Brain Res 1987; 436(-1-):169-172. >>> SCH 23390; Water; DMSO; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 140-160 grams); D1 dopamine receptor antagonist, 30% DMSO used.

P8506 Samant,M.P., White,R., Hong,D.J., Croston,G., Conn,P.M., Janovick,J.A., Rivier,J. Structure-activity relationship studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists containing S-aryl/alkyl norcysteines and their oxidized derivatives. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2007; 50(-9-):2067-2077. >>> Azaline B; DMSO; SC; Rat; 2ML1; ; Animal info (adult, Sprague-Dawley, 275-310 g).

P8298 Chi,X.L., Zhou,W.X., Cheng,J.P., Zhang,Y.X., Liu,K.L. In vivo characterization of a novel GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) antagonist, LXT-101, in normal male rats. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2006; 136(-1-3-):122-129. >>> LXT-101; Mannitol; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received sham operation; dose-response (fig. 3); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-220 grams); GnRH analog; "sustained release of LX7-101 (by mp) needs a smaller dosage for maintenance of the castrated level of serum testosterone than those given by single or multiple injections." (p. 128).

P7465 Lenard,N.R., Roerig,S.C. Development of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence following morphine i.c.v. infusion in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005; 527(-1-3-):71-76. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of sc pellets vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 73); tolerance; dependence; cyanoacrylate adhesive; post op. care (antibacterial ointment); animal info (male, 28-45 g); mp primed in sterile saline 37C overnight.

P7344 Zhang,Q.Y., Purohit,V., Yoburn,B.C. Continuous opioid agonist treatment dose-dependently regulates mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in mouse spinal cord. Synapse 2005; 56(-3-):123-128. >>> Etorphine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellet; dose-response (p. 125, 126).

P7031 Hild,S.A., Attardi,B.J., Reel,J.R. The ability of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, acyline, to prevent irreversible infertility induced by the indenopyridine, CDB-4022, in adult male rats: The role of testosterone. Biology of Reproduction 2004; 71(-1-):348-358. >>> Acyline; Tween 80; water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 2002; 2004; 2,4,10,14 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 2); long-term study; pumps replaced every 4 weeks; peptides; multiple pumps per animal (2); in exp.II two rats died at weeks 14 and 16, both had received mp w/ vehicle weeks -4 to 0, mp removed at week 0; GRH antagonist.

P7012 Yoburn,B.C., Purohit,V., Patel,K., Zhang,Q.Y. Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 498(-1-3-):87-96. >>> Naloxone; etorphine hcl; morphine sulfate; Saline, normal; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received inert, placebo pellets or saline injections; comparison of SC injections vs. pellets vs. mp; tolerance; "Intermittent naloxone and etorphine treatment did not regulate u-opioid receptor or dynamin-2, despite the fact that the total amount of drug administered was the same as continuous treatment." (pg. 94); animal info (m, 22-30 grams).

P7011 Wang,C.H., Lee,T.H., Tsai,Y.J., Liu,J.K., Chen,Y.J., Yang,L.C., Lu,C.Y. Intrathecal cdk5 inhibitor, roscovitine, attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance in rats1. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2004; 25(-8-):1027-1030. >>> Roscovitine; morphine; DMSO; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Enzyme inhibitor (cyclin dependent kinase 5); tolerance.

P6946 Hampton,J.H., Bader,J.F., Lamberson,W.R., Smith,M.F., Youngquist,R.S., Garverick,H.A. Gonadotropin requirements for dominant follicle selection in GnRH agonist-treated cows. REPRODUCTION 2004; 127(-6-):695-703. >>> Buserelin; SC; Cattle; 2ML4; 2 months.

P6702 Rajashekara,V., Patel,C.N., Patel,K., Purohit,V., Yoburn,B.C. Chronic opioid antagonist treatment dose-dependently regulates mu-opioid receptors and trafficking proteins in vivo. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2003; 75(-4-):909-913. >>> Naloxone HCL; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received placebo pellets; dose-response (fig.2).

P6227 Davis,T.L., Mussard,M.L., Jimenez-Severiano,H., Enright,W.J., Kinder,J.E. Chronic treatment with an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone enhances luteal function in cattle. Biology of Reproduction 2003; 69(-2-):398-403. >>> Azagly-NaFarelin; Sodium Chloride; SC; Cattle; 2ML2; 2ML4; 9, 18 days; Controls received no treatment; replacement therapy (ovariectomy); agent is a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist.

P5907 Blum,D., Galas,M.C., Pintor,A., Brouillet,E., Ledent,C., Muller,C.E., Bantubungi,K., Galluzzo,M., Gall,D., Cuvelier,L., Rolland,A.S., Popoli,P., Schiffmann,S.N. A dual role of adenosine A2A receptors in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal lesions: Implications for the neuroprotective potential of A2A antagonists. Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23(-12-):5361-5369. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; PBS; sodium hydroxide; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days.

P5852 Raposinho,P.D., White,R.B., Aubert,M.L. The melanocortin agonist Melanotan-II reduces the orexigenic and adipogenic effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) but does not affect the NPY-driven suppressive effects on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in the male rat. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2003; 15(-2-):173-181. >>> Melanotan-II; Neuropeptide Y; PBS; Ascorbic Acid; BSA; CSF/CNS; Rat; 7 days; Peptides; Melanotan II or MTII (a melanocortin receptor agonist)&neuropeptide were dissolved in PBS, 0.01% ascorbic acid, 0.1% bovine serum albumin adjusted to ph 7.4; pump model not listed.

P5717 Lin,C.R., Yang,L.C., You,H.L., Lee,C.T., Tai,M.H., Tan,P.H., Lin,M.W., Cheng,J.T. Antinociceptive potentiation and attenuation of tolerance by intrathecal electric stimulation in rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2003; 96(-6-):1711-1716. >>> Morphine; Saline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 1713) 10 animals excluded from study, 5 due to implantation failure, 3 due to pump failure, 2 due to infection; dependence; PE-10 joined to PE-20, which was joined to PE-60.

P5713 Yang,H.W., Bhat,G.K., Wadley,R., Wright,K.L., Chung,B.M., Whittaker,J.A., Dharmarajan,A.M., Sridaran,R. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-agonist inhibits synthesis of nitric oxide and steroidogenesis by luteal cells in the pregnant rat. Biology of Reproduction 2003; 68(-6-):2222-2231. >>> Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2001; 4, 8, 24 hours; Peptides; GnRH-Ag is Wyeth-40972.

P5341 Stoller,D.C., Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Loss of antinociceptive efficacy in rat pups infused with morphine from osmotic minipumps. Pharmacology 2002; 66(-1-):11-18. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; toxicology; teratology; tolerance; dependence; 6-day and 14-day old rat pups implanted; incision closed w/ vetbond tissue adhesive.

P5325 Blum,D., Gall,D., Galas,M.C., d'Alcantara,P., Bantubungi,K., Schiffmann,S.N. The adenosine A1 receptor agonist adenosine amine congener exerts a neuroprotective effect against the development of striatal lesions and motor impairments in the 3-nitropropionic acid model of neurotoxicity. Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 22(-20-):9122-9133. >>> Allylglycine, L-; CSF/CNS (dorsomedial hypothalamus); rat; 2002; 5 days; functionality of mp verified by glutamic acid decarboxylase activity assay; peptides; GABA synthesis inhibitor; cannula patency verified by dye injection.

P4790 Vanderah,T.W., Suenaga,N.M.H., Ossipov,M.H., Malan,TP Jr, Lai,J., Porreca,F. Tonic descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla mediates opioid-induced abnormal pain and antinociceptive tolerance.. Journal of Neuroscience 2001; 21(-1-):279-286. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of pellets vs. mp; also used morphine pellets; pain.

P4674 Shen,J, Gomes,B, Gallagher,A, Stafford,K, Yoburn,B.C. Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in opioid agonist-induced m-opioid receptor downregulation and tolerance in mice.. Synapse 2000; 38(--):322-327. >>> Etorphine; Morphine;; SC;; mice;; 2001;; 2, 3 days;; Controls received inert placebo pellet; opioid agonists; etorphine infused for 2 days; morphine infused for 3 days; morphine pellets also used in mp/morphine implanted mice;.

P4658 Funai,E.F, O'Neill,LM, Davidson,A, Roque,H., Finlay,T.H  J.Perinat.Med. 2000; 28(--):294-297. >>> CP-154,526; DMSO; Saline; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 295); CP-154,526 is a non-peptide corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist; 50% DMSO used..

P4406 Easterling,K.W., Holtzman,S.G. Intracranial self-stimulation in rats: Sensitization to opioid antagonist following acute or chronic treatment with mu opioid agonists. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1997; 281(-1-):188-199. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 10 days; Tolerance; dependence; multiple pumps per animal (2).

P4386 Helton,D.R., Tizzano,J.P., Monn,J.A., Schoepp,D.D., Kallman,M.J. Anxiolytic and side-effect profile of LY354740: A potent, highly selective, orally active agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1998; 284(-2-):651-660. >>> LY354740 monohydrate; Water, purified; NaOH; SC; Rat; 12 days; Controls received mp with vehicle; comparison of oral administration vs. mp.

P4187 Garaulet,J.V., Laorden,M.L., Milanes,M.V. Cross-tolerance between mu- and kappa-opioid agonists in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1994; 269(-3-):993-999. >>> Sufentanil; Saline, sterile; SC; guinea-pig; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance.

P4165 Gerth,A., Hatalski,C.G., Avishai-Eliner,S., Baram,T.Z. Corticotropin releasing hormone antagonist does not prevent adrenalectomy-induced apoptosis in the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampus. Stress 1998; 2(--):159-169. >>> Corticotropin-rel. hormone antagonist; rat; no duration posted; no comment posted.

P4023 McConnaughey,M., Zhai,Q.Z., Ingenito,A.J. Effects on rat brain k1-and k2-opioid receptors after chronic treatment with non-peptide k-agonists. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1998; 50(--):1121-1125. >>> U-50,488H; U-62,066E; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; U-62066E also called spiradoline; kappa agonist.

P3849 Sridaran,R., Hisheh,S., Dharmarajan,A.M. Induction of apoptosis by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist during early pregnancy in the rat. Apoptosis 1998; 3(-1-):51-57. >>> Wy-40972; SC; rat (pregnant); 2001; 4, 8, 24 hours; controls received no treatment; peptides; agent is a LHRH-agonist.

P3819 Zhai,Q.Z., Ingenito,A.J. Sustained antihypertensive effects of chronic administration of two k-opioid agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am.J.Ther. 1997; 4(--):173-180. >>> U-50,488H; U-62,066E; Water, sterile; SC; rat; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; cardiovascular; U-62,066E is spiradoline.

P3725 Kest,B., McLemore,G., Kao,B., Inturrisi,C.E. The competitive a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor antagonist LY293558 attenuates and reverses analgesic tolerance to morphine but not to delta or kappa opioids. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1997; 283(--):1249-1255. >>> LY293558; SC; mice; 2001; 7 days; controls received sham surgery; dose-response; no stress (see pg. 1251); tolerance.

P3705 Krishna,A., Srivastava,R.K., Sridaran,R. Effects of short-term treatment of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on the follicular development and gonadotropin secretion in the rat. Endocrine Res. 1996; 22(-3-):299-310. >>> Wy-40972; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls were sham-operated&received no treatment; agent is GnRH agonist.

P3692 Gong,J.G., Campbell,B.K., Bramley,T.A., Gutierrez,C.G., Peters,A.R., Webb,R. Suppression in the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and ovarian follicle development in heifers continuously infused with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Biol.Reprod. 1996; 55(--):68-74. >>> Buserelin; SC; cattle; 2ML4; 48 days; controls received no treatment; long-term study, pumps replaced after 28 days; agent is a GnRH agonist; pumps replaced in opposite shoulder than original placement; researchers compare mp w/ injections from previous study (p. 72).

P3555 Paronis,C.A., Holtzman,S.G. Sensitization and tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of mu-opioid agonists. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114(--):601-610. >>> Naloxone HCl; Morphine sulfate; Meperidine HCl; Fentanyl citrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received sham pumps; tolerance.

P3471 Tandon,P., Liu,Z., Stafstrom,C.E., Sarkisian,M., Werner,S.J., Mikati,M., Yang,Y., Holmes,G.L. Long-term effects of excitatory amino acid antagonists NBQX and MK-801 on the developing brain. Dev.Brain Research 1996; 95(--):256-262. >>> NBQX; MK-801; Kollidon PFI2; Glucose; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; stress/adverse reaction: see P 258.

P3467 Hoshi,K., Ma,T., Ho,I.K. Precipitated k-opioid receptor agonist withdrawal increases glutamate in rat locus coeruleus. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 314(--):301-306. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; U-69593; Ethanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 3 days; controls received vehicle infusion; dependence.

P3432 Bhargava,H.N., Zhao,G.M., House,R.V., Thomas,P.T. Effects of chronic administration of 7-benzylidene-7-dehydronaltrexone and naltriben on the antinociceptive actions of d1- and d2-opioid receptor agonists. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1996; 311(--):127-132. >>> BNTX; Naltriben; DMSO; Saline; SC; mice; 1007D; 7 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; BNTX is 7-benzylidene-7-dehydronaltrexone.

P3361 Garaulet,J.V., Laorden,M.L., Milanes,M.V. Effect of chronic administration of dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel ligands on sufentanil-induced tolerance to u- and k- opioid agonists in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. Regul.Pept. 1996; 63(--):1-8. >>> Sufentanil; Nimodipine; Bay K 8644; Saline; SC; guinea-pig; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; tolerance.

P3350 Levy,R., Leiphart,J., Dills,C. Analgesic action of acute and chronic intraspinally administered opiate and a2-adrenergic agonists in chronic neuropathic pain. Stereotact.Funct.Neurosurg. 1994; 62(--):279-289. >>> Morphine sulfate; Tizanidine; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 14 days; controls received mp w/saline; comparison of acute injections vs. mp; tolerance; tizanidine is an a2-adrenergic agonist; catheter tubing coated w/silicon spray.

P3336 Feng,Y.Z., Zhang,T., Tokuyama,S., Zhu,H., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. m- and d-opioid receptor antagonists precipitate similar withdrawal phenomena in butorphanol and morphine dependence. Neurochem.Res. 1996; 21(-1-):63-71. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Morphine HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; dependence; animals allowed 1 week recovery after cannulae placement-stylet maintained cannulae patency; bupivacaine given for post-operative pain relief.

P3316 Unterwald,E.M., Rubenfeld,J.M., Imai,Y., Wang,J.B., Uhl,G.R., Kreek,M.J. Chronic opioid antagonist administration upregulates mu opioid receptor binding without altering mu opioid receptor mRNA levels. Mol.Brain Research 1995; 33(--):351-355. >>> Naltrexone; Saline, sterile; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline.

P3170 Fundytus,M.E., Schiller,P.W., Shapiro,M., Weltrowska,G., Coderre,T.J. Attenuation of morphine tolerance and dependence with the highly selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist TIPP. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1995; 286(--):105-108. >>> Morphine sulfate; Naltrindole; TIPP; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 2ML1; no duration posted; controls received mp with saline; peptides; tolerance; dependence; morphine pump implanted sub-q; antagonist pump implanted concomitantly; TIPP is H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH; TIPP-psi is H-Tyr-Tic psi [CH2-NH] Phe-Phe-OH.

P3155 Menard,D.P., van Rossum,D., Kar,S., Jolicoeur,F.B., Jhamandas,K., Quirion,R. Tolerance to the antinociceptive properties of morphine in the rat spinal cord: alteration of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunostaining and receptor binding sites. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1995; 273(-2-):887-894. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 2002; 3,5,7,14 days; controls received mp with saline; tolerance; catheter tubing filled with saline.

P3058 Yoburn,B.C., Duttaroy,A., Shah,S., Davis,T. Opioid antagonist-induced receptor upregulation: effects of concurrent agonist administration. Brain Res.Bull. 1994; 33(-2-):237-240. >>> Naloxone; Fentanyl citrate; Etorphine HCl; NaCl; SC; mice; 2001; 2002; 7-8 days; controls received placebo pellets.

P3002 Shieh,G.-J., Walters,D.E. Altered neurochemical and behavioral development of 10-day-old rats perinatally exposed to the k opioid agonist U-50,488H. Neurosci.Lett. 1994; 176(--):37-40. >>> U-50,488H; Saline; rat (pregnant); 28 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology.

P2919 Rubino,T., Massi,P., Patrini,G., Venier,I., Giagnoni,G., Parolaro,D. Effect of chronic exposure to naltrexone and opioid selective agonists on G protein mRNA levels in the rat nervous system. Mol.Brain Research 1994; 23(--):333-337. >>> Naltrexone; DAGO; Enkephalin analog DADLE; DPDPE; U-50,488H; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 7 days; DAGO is a mu-opioid agonist; DPDPE is a delta-opioid agonist.

P2885 Richard,D., DeKoninck,P., Lemay,A., Rivest,S. Reversible increase in energy deposition following castration induced by a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist. Int.J.Obes. 1991; 15(--):155-161. >>> Buserelin; SC; rat; 2002; 28 days; controls received mp with saline; pumps replaced at 14 days.

P2869 Jaffe,S.B., Sobieszczyk,S., Wardlaw,S.L. Effect of opioid antagonism on B-endorphin processing and proopiomelanocortin-peptide release in the hypothalamus. Brain Research 1994; 648(--):24-31. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Lactic acid; SC; rat; 7 days; controls received empty silastic implants.

P2809 Keck,B.J., Stafinsky,J.L., Uram,M., Crisp,T. A lack of supersensitivity to opioid receptor agonists following chronic spinal opioid receptor antagonist administration in the rat. Gen.Pharmacol. 1995; 26(-1-):161-168. >>> CTOP; Naltrindole HCl; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp with saline; CTOP is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist; rats allowed 7 days to recover from intrathecal catheter placement surgery; tubing left on the back to allow disconnection.

P2720 Lee,P.H.K., McNutt,R.W., Chang,K.-J. A nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonist, BW373U86, attenuates the development and expression of morphine abstinence precipitated by naloxone in rat. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 267(-2-):883-887. >>> BW373U86; Naltrindole; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; BW 373U86 is a selective delta opioid receptor agonist; in some animals BW373U86 and naltrindole were co-infused.

P2707 Tiseo,P.J., Cheng,J., Pasternak,G.W., Inturrisi,C.E. Modulation of morphine tolerance by the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist LY274614: assessment of opioid receptor changes. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1994; 268(-1-):195-201. >>> LY-274614; Saline, sterile; SC; rat; 2ML1; 8 days; controls received mp w/ saline; "The use of the osmotic pump allows pharmacokinetic differences (ie. elimination rates) among coadministered drugs to be minimized." (pg. 199); tolerance.

P2697 Elliott,K., Minami,N., Kolesnikov,Y.A., Pasternak,G.W., Inturrisi,C.E. The NMDA receptor antagonists, LY274614 and MK-801, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine, attenuate analgesic tolerance to the mu-opioid morphine but not to kappa opioids. Pain 1994; 56(--):69-75. >>> LY-274614; Saline; SC; mice; 7 days; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; tolerance; LY-274614 is a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist.

P2670 Chen,J.F., Aloyo,V.J., Weiss,B. Continuous treatment with the D2 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole decreases D2 dopamine receptors, D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA and proenkephalin messenger RNA, and increases mu opioid receptors in mouse striatum. Neuroscience 1993; 54(-3-):669-680. >>> Quinpirole; SKF-38393; Ascorbic acid; DMSO; mice; 6 days; Quinpirole is a dopamine agonist; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P2616 Baskin,D.S., Widmayer,M.A., Browning,J.L., Heizer,M.L., Schmidt,W.K. Evaluation of delayed treatment of focal cerebral ischemia with three selective kappa-opioid agonists in cats. Stroke 1994; 25(-10-):2047-2054. >>> Dynorphin A (1-13); U-50,488; DuP E3800; SC; cat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; no stress (see pg. 2048); ischemia (cerebral).

P2569 Igwe,O.J. Modulation of substance P-ergic system in the rat spinal cord by an opioid antagonist. Mol.Brain Research 1994; 21(--):263-273. >>> Naltrexone HCl; Water, distilled; Cyclodextrin; SC; rat; 2001; 2002; 8 or 15 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P2440 Teskey,G.C., Kavaliers,M. Modifications of social conflict-induced analgesic and activity responses in male mice receiving chronic opioid agonist and antagonist treatments. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1991; 38(--):485-493. >>> Levorphanol tartrate; Naltrexone HCl; U-50,488H; ICI-154,129; Saline; IP; mice; 2001; 7 days; functionality of mp verified by measuring residual pump volume; tolerance.

P2371 Markowitz,C.E., Berkowitz,K.M., Jaffe,S.B., Wardlaw,S.L. Effect of opioid receptor antagonism on proopiomelanocortin peptide levels and gene expression in the hypothalamus. Mol.and Cellular Neurosciences 1992; 3(--):184-190. >>> Naltrexone; Lactic acid; SC; rat; 1-3 weeks; controls received empty silastic implants; comparison of sc injections vs. mp.

P2324 Jaw,S.P., Hoskins,B., Ho,I.K. Opioid antagonists and butorphanol dependence. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1993; 44(--):497-500. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; dependence.

P2195 Dierssen,M., Florez,J., Hurle,M.A. Calcium channel modulation by dihydropyridines modifies sufentanil-induced antinociception in acute and tolerant conditions. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 1990; 342(--):559-565. >>> Bay K 8644; Nimodipine; Ethanol; Propylene glycol; Water; rat; 2001; 7 days; tolerance; route not stated.

P2109 Yang,C.-Y., Wu,W.-H., Zbuzek,V.K. Antinociceptive effect of chronic nicotine and nociceptive effect of its withdrawal measured by hot-plate and tail-flick in rats. Psychopharmacology 1992; 106(--):417-420. >>> Nicotine free base; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels (pg.419); tolerance.

P2083 Ravindranath,N., Ramesh,V., Krishnamurthy,H., Roa,A.J., Moudgal,R.N. Chronic suppression of testicular function by constant infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and testosterone supplementation in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). Fertil.Steril. 1992; 57(-3-):671-676. >>> Buserelin acetate; Propylene glycol; Water, distilled; SC; monkey; 2002; 3 years; long-term study; pumps replaced every 21 days; 3/15 monkeys were repeatedly able to break pumps on cage wall until implant site was moved from dorsal to the side.

P2081 Sosnowski,M., Yaksh,T.L. Differential cross-tolerance between intrathecal morphine and sufentanil in the rat. Anesthesiology 1990; 73(--):1141-1147. >>> Morphine sulfate; Sufentanil citrate; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; dose-response; tolerance; PE10 heat fused to PE60; externalized loop of catheter permitted cessation of infusion without pump removal.

P2072 Blacker,C.M., Ataya,K.M., Savoy-Moore,R.T., Subramanian,M.G., Mutchnick,M.G., Dunbar,J.C. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprolide affects the thymus and other non-reproductive systems of female rats. Acta Endocrinol.(Copenh) 1991; 125(--):581-589. >>> Leuprolide; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML4; 21 days; comparison of b.i.d. injections vs mp; gnrh-rel. hormone agonist; stress of injections affected adrenal axis which may have interfered with drug effects.

P2066 Morris,B.J., Millan,M.J. Inability of an opioid antagonist lacking negative intrinsic activity to induce opioid receptor up-regulation in vivo. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1991; 102(--):883-886. >>> MR-2266; MR-2267; Propylene glycol; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; benzomorphans.

P1846 Smith,C.J., Richards,J.S., Yasin,K., Sangster,J.N., Sridaran,R. Changes in rat luteal ultrastructure and P450scc mRNA and protein content after in vivo treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Biol.Reprod. 1991; 44(--):382-391. >>> Luteinizing HRH agonist; SC; rat (pregnant); 2001; 24 hours; no comment posted.

P1799 Rao,A.J., Chakraborti,R., Kotagi,S.G., Ravindranath,N. Effect of constant infusion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist buserelin and antagonist CDB 2085 A using osmotic minipumps on testicular function in adult male bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). Andrologia 1990; 22(--):567-573. >>> Buserelin; Luteinizing HRH antagonist; Saline; SC; monkey; 2001; 2002; 15 weeks; long-term study, pumps replaced every 36th day (2002) or every 30th day (2001).

P1612 Stevens,C.W., Yaksh,T.L. Magnitude of opioid dependence after continuous intrathecal infusion of mu and delta-selective opioids in the rat. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1989; 166(--):467-472. >>> Sufentanil citrate; Enkephalin analog DADLE; Enkephalin analog DAMGO; Morphine; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; tissue infusion; dose-response; peptides; tolerance, dependence.

P1560 Stevens,C., Yaksh,T.L. Potency of infused spinal antinociceptive agents is inversely related to magnitude of tolerance after continuous infusion. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1989; 250(-1-):1-8. >>> Enkephalin analog DADLE; Enkephalin analog DAMGO; Enkephalin analog ST-91; Morphine sulfate; Sufentanil citrate; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; mp connected to Y-catheter; dose-response; peptides.

P1558 Leng,G., Russell,J.A., Grossmann,R. Sensitivity of magnocellular oxytocin neurones to opioid antagonists in rats treated chronically with intracerebroventricular (ICV) morphine. Brain Research 1989; 484(--):290-296. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; no duration posted; neuroscience.

P1529 Ayesta,F.J., Florez,J. Tolerance to respiratory actions of sufentanil: functional tolerance and route-dependent differential tolerance. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1989; 250(-1-):371-378. >>> Sufentanil citrate;; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of sc, iv&icv injections; tolerance; agent mu opioid receptor agonist; pumps left in longer than 7 days; "possibility that the minipump implanting process could influence the results was eliminated . . . no difference . . . in nonimplanted and implanted rats." (p. 372).

P1523 Sridaran,R., Mahesh,V.B. Suppression of luteal estradiol receptors and progesterone synthesis by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (WY-40972) during midgestation. Biol.Reprod. 1989; 40(--):276-282. >>> Wy-40972; SC; rat (pregnant); 2002; 12, 14 days; controls received sham op.; dose-response; peptides.

P1410 Morris,B.J., Millan,M.J., Herz,A. Antagonist-induced opioid receptor up-regulation 2: regionally specific modulation of mu, delta and kappa binding sites in rat brain revealed by quantitative autoradiography. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 247(-2-):729-736. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 1 week; no comment posted.

P1409 Millan,M.J., Morris,B.J., Herz,A. Antagonist-induced opioid receptor up-regulation 1: characterization of supersensitivity to selective mu and kappa agonists. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 247(-2-):721-728. >>> Naloxone; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 1 week; no comment posted.

P1405 Alcaraz,C., Milanes,M.V., Vargas,M.L. Chronic kappa opioid receptor antagonism produces supersensitivity to U-50,488H at the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis level. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1993; 266(-3-):1385-1389. >>> Naloxone; Water, distilled; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; controls received mp w/water.

P1383 Sridaran,R., Ghose,M., Mahesh,V.B. Inhibitory effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on the luteal synthesis of progesterone, estradiol receptors, and prolactin surges during early pregnancy. Endocrinology 1988; 123(-4-):1740-1746. >>> Luteinizing HRH agonist; Wy-40972; SC; rat (pregnant); 2001; 1, 3, 5 days; peptides.

P1288 Shippenberg,T.S., Herz,A. Motivational effects of opioids; influence of D-1 versus D-2 receptors antagonists. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1988; 151(--):233-242. >>> Spiperone; SCH-23390; DMSO; Water; SC; rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; functionality of mp verified after delivery; dopamine antagonist.

P1273 Stevens,C.W., Yaksh,T.L. Time course characteristics of tolerance development to continuously infused antinociceptive agents in rats spinal cord. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1989; 251(-1-):216-223. >>> Enkephalin analog ST-91; Enkephalin analog DADLE; Enkephalin analog DAMGO; Morphine; Sufentanil; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; no comment posted.

P1261 Long,J.B., Petras,J.M., Holaday,J.W. Neurologic deficits and neuronal injury in rats resulting from nonopioid actions of the delta opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174864. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 244(-3-):1169-1177. >>> Dynorphin A (1-13); ICI-174,864; DMSO; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/saline; mp connected to catheter i.t.; DMSO is vehicle for ICI-174864; functionality of mp verified; comparison of ICV vs. i.t. injections vs. mp infusion; stability.

P1206 Fujinaga,M., Mazze,R.I., Jackson,E.C., Baden,J.M. Reproductive and teratogenic effects of sufentanil and alfentanil in sprague-dawley rats. Anesth.Analg. 1988; 67(--):166-169. >>> Alfentanil; Sufentanil; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response (text); 3 doses of sufentanil infused; agents infused separately; author states 'in terms of experimental design, the cost of using sc implanted osmotic minipumps is small'; teratology.

P1183 Stevens,C.W., Monasky,M.S., Yaksh,T.L. Spinal infusion of opiate and alpha-2 agonists in rats: tolerance and cross-tolerance studies. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988; 244(-1-):63-70. >>> Enkephalin analog ST-91; Morphine sulfate; Saline; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal); rat; 2001; 1 week; controls received mp w/ saline; mp connected to 'Y' catheter; 3 doses of agent infused; concomitant infusion of agents.

P1060 Huhtaniemi,I.T., Nikula,H., Detta,A., Stewart,J.M., Clayton,R.N. Blockade of rat testicular gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors by infusion of a GnRH antagonist has no major effects on Leydig cell function in vivo. Mol.Cell.Endocrinol. 1987; 49(--):89-97. >>> Luteinizing HRH antagonist; DMSO; Saline; intratesticular; rat; 2001; 2002; 7, 14 days; controls received cannula without mp; mp connected to cannula buried in the testis; functionality of mp verified by measuring vol. of fluid left in mp; tissue perfusion (testis); peptides.

P1006 Weinbauer,G.F., Surmann,F.J., Nieschlag,E. Suppression of spermatogenesis in a nonhuman primate (macaca fascicularis) by concomitant gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist and testosterone treatment. Acta Endocrinol. 1987; 114(--):138-146. >>> Luteinizing HRH antagonist; Propylene glycol; Water; SC; monkey; 2002; 2ML1; 104 days; mp w/vehicle; pumps replaced every 16 days; peptides; 4 pumps/animal until last wk when 1-week pump was implanted; functionality of mp verified by comp. volume left in pump after removal; long-term study.

P0857 Barnes,J.C., Costall,B., Domeney,A.M., Naylor,R.J. Lithium and bupropion antagonise the phasic changes in locomotor activity caused by dopamine infused into the rat nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 1986; 89(--):311-316. >>> Dopamine HCl; Lithium; Sodium metabisulfite; CSF/CNS (nucleus accumbens); IP; rat; 2002; 13 days; controls rec'd mps w/vehicle; mp connected to cannula in NC; mps&injection units primed overnight; lithium admin. ip; agents admin. simult. in 1 group; comparison of ip inject. vs mp infusion.

P0837 Huhtaniemi,I., Nikula,H., Rannikko,S., Clayton,R. Regulation of testicular steroidogenesis by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists. J.Steroid Biochem. 1986; 24(-1-):169-176. >>> Luteinizing HRH antagonist; DMSO; Saline; intratesticular; IP; rat; 7 days; mp conn. to polystyrene cannula imbedded in testis in one exp.; bromocriptine admin. concomitantly w/mp infusion; treatment w/ GnRH antiserum vs. mp infusion of antagonist; controls received mp w/vehicle or piece of tubing similar to mp; peptides; tissue.

P0742 Baskin,D.S., Hosobuchi,Y., Grevel,J.C. Treatment of experimental stroke with opiate antagonists, effects on neurological function, infarct size, and survival. J.Neurosurg. 1986; 64(--):99-103. >>> Diprenorphine; Naloxone; Naltrexone; Saline; SC; cat; 2ML1; 7 days; mp functionality and accuracy of delivery verified; acute ip adminis. of agents w/mp infusion; ischemia (cerebral).

P0610 Beckman,A.L., Llados-Eckman,C. Antagonism of brain opioid peptide action reduces hibernation bout duration. Brain Research 1985; 328(--):201-205. >>> Naloxone HCl; Saline; CSF/CNS; squirrel; 2001; 2-7 days; dose-response data.

P0557 Mann,D.R., Smith,M.M., Gould,K.G., Collins,D.C. Effect of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion and testicular histology in male rhesus monkeys. Fertil.Steril. 1985; 43(-1-):115-121. >>> Wy-40972; SC; monkey; 2ML4; 20 weeks; pump replaced every 4 weeks; long-term study; peptides.

P0548 Weinbauer,G.F., Surmann,F.J., Akhtar,F.B., Shah,G.V., Vickery,B.H., Nieschlag,E. Reversible inhibition of testicular function by a gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone antagonist in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Fertil.Steril. 1984; 42(-6-):906-914. >>> RS-68439; Propylene glycol; Water; SC; monkey; 2002; 9 weeks; pump replaced every 16 days; 4 pumps/animal; long-term study; delivery rate of mp verified; no stress pp. 908, 913; RS-68439 is a GnRH antagonist.

P0487 Mann,D.R., Davis-DaSilva,M., Wallen,K., Coan,P., Evans,D.E., Collins,D.C. Blockade of neonatal activation of the pituitary-testicular axis with continuous administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in male rhesus monkeys. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1984; 59(-2-):207-211. >>> Wy-40972; SC; monkey; 2ML4; 16 weeks; long-term study; pump replaced 4 times at 28 day intervals; controls received pump-sized silastic implants - these had to be removed due to infection; peptides.

P0457 Schurmeyer,Th., Knuth,U.A., Freischem,C.W., Sandow,J., Akhtar,F.B., Nieschlag,E. Suppression of pituitary and testicular function in normal men by constant gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist infusion. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1984; 59(-1-):19-24. >>> Buserelin; SC (abdomen); human; 2ML1; 2ML2; 12 weeks; pumps replaced weekly and biweekly; long-term study; human use - extracorporeal; stability of residual buserelin verified; no stress p. 21&23; peptides.

P0412 Lang,I.M., Strahlendorf,J.C., Strahlendorf,H.K., Lutherer,L.O., Barnes,C.D. Investigations of the preferential reduction in drinking behavior of opiate antagonists. Proc.West.Pharmacol.Soc. 1982; 25(--):293-297. >>> Naltrexone; SC; rat; 16 days; sterilized Tygon tubing used as a control; poly E-caprolactone capsules used to admin. N for 52 days.

P0403 Mann,D.R., Gould,K.G., Collins,D.C. Influence of continuous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist treatment on luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion, the response to GnRH, and the testicular response to human chorionic gonadotropin in male rhesus monkeys. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1984; 58(-2-):262-267. >>> Wy-40972; Water; SC; monkey; 2ML4; 8 weeks; pump replaced after 4 weeks; suggests continuous infusion more effective than daily sc admin. p.265-6; peptides; Wy-4072 is a GnRH agonist.

P0314 Akhtar,F.B., Marshall,G.R., Wickings,E.J., Nieschlag,E. Reversible induction of azoospermia in rhesus monkeys by constant infusion of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist using osmotic minipumps. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1983; 56(--):534-540. >>> Buserelin; SC; monkey; 2001; 20 weeks; pump replaced weekly; good recommendation of pump performance; no stress p. 535, 538; long-term study; activity of residual buserelin verified; bioavailability.

P0242 Nieder,G.L., Corder,C.N. Effects of opiate antagonists on early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in mice. J.Reprod.Fertil. 1982; 65(--):341-346. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; mice (pregnant); 2001; 9 days; comparison of agents.

P0119 Wuster,M., Schulz,R., Herz,A. The direction of opioid agonists towards u-, g- and E-receptors in the vas deferens of the mouse and rat. Life Sci. 1980; 27(--):163-170. >>> Enkephalin analog DADLE; Sufentanil; SC; mice; 2001; 6 days; peptides.