References on the Administration of Antivirals Using ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

1. Acyclovir

P0379 Myerson,D., Hsiung,G.D. Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with acyclovir of genital herpes in the guinea pig (41717). Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 1983; 174(--):147-152. >>> Acyclovir, sodium; Saline; SC; guinea-pig; 2ML2; 1 week; comparison of ip inject vs. mp infusion; article states incorrectly that 2ML2 is spent after 7 days.

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2. Amantadine (also Known As Adamantane)

R0187 Danysz,W., Parsons,C.G., Kornhuber,J, Schmidt,W.J, Quack,G. Aminoadamantanes as NMDA Receptor Antagonists and Antiparkinsonian Agents - Preclinical Studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21(-4-):455-468. >>> Amantadine; memantine; SC; Rat; 7, 14 days; Neurodegenerative (Parkinson's disease).

P4321 Hesselink,M.B., De Boer,A.G., Breimer,D.D., Danysz,W. Adaptations of NMDA and dopamine D2, but not of muscarinic receptors following 14 days administration of uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists.. Journal of Neural Transmission 1999; 106(--):409-421. >>> MK-801; Memantine; Amantadine;; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2ML2;; 3-14 days;; controls received sham surgeries; comparison of S.C. injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 411); "In the clinical situation, depending on dosing schedule, only minor fluctuations in the steady-state plasma levels of the aminoadamantanes is observed. The only way to mimic this in animals is by continuous infusion of the drug using ALZET osmotic minipumps." (p. 411);.

P4224 Hesselink,M.B., De Boer,B.G., Breimer,D.D., Danysz,W. Brain penetration and in vivo recovery of NMDA receptor antagonists amantadine and memantine: a quantitative microdialysis study. Pharmaceut.Res. 1999; 16(-5-):637-642. >>> Memantine; Amantadine; Water; SC; rat; 2ML2; no duration posted; dose-response; serum levels.

P3920 Stitz,L., Planz,O., Bilzer,T. Lack of antiviral effect of amantadine in borna disease virus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 1998; 186(--):195-200. >>> Adamantane, 1-amino-; Water, sterile distilled; SC; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; functionality of mp verified by serum levels; comparison of oral doses vs. mp; immunology; agent is NMDA antagonist also called amantadine or 1-adamantanamide.

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3. Azidothymidine

P2211 Tarantal,A.F., Spanggord,R.J., Hendrickx,A.G. Pre and postnatal treatment of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) with azidothymidine: I. fetal studies. Pediatr.Aids HIV Infection: Fetus to Adolescent 1994; 5(-1-):10-19. >>> Azidothymidine; Sodium hydroxide; SC; monkey (pregnant); 2ML4; 28 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels of AZT; teratology; AZT is azidothymidine, also known as zidovudine; multiple pumps per animal (3-4); "Circulating levels of AZT remained constant during the course of treatment and were achieved by the first (24 hr.) sample (p. 11)..

P2093 Sinet,M., Harcouet,L., Desforges,B., Colin,J.N., Farinotti,R., Pocidalo,J.J. Efficacy of continuous zidovudine infusion at early stages of retroviral infection in mice. J.Acquir.Immune Defic.Syndr. 1992; 5(--):577-582. >>> Azidothymidine; Propylene glycol; Water; SC; mice; 2001; 5 days; functionality of mp verified by plasma AZT levels; comparison of b.i.d. s.c. injections vs. mp; good methods; also called zidovudine; pK; half-life (p.577); continuous infusion significantly more effective than bolus injection.

P1928 Bilello,J.A., MacAuley,C., Fredrickson,T.N., Bell,M.M., McKissick,C., Shapiro,S.G., Personette,R., Eiseman,J.L. Use of a neonatal murine retrovirus model to evaluate the long-term efficacy and toxicity of antiviral agents. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1990; 616(--):238-251. >>> Azidothymidine; mice (pregnant); 2001; 21 days; Pumps replaced after each week to achieve 3 weeks duration; immunology; teratology; oral delivery of AZT resulted in highly variable plasma levels.

P1644 Gallo,J.M., Clark,L.N., Rubino,J.T. Pump delivery of azidothymidine: potential for constant concentrations and improved brain delivery. J.Controlled Release 1989; 9(--):249-253. >>> Azidothymidine; IA (carotid); rat; 2001; 3-7 days; Dose-response; blood levels; comparison of IV injections vs. mp; good methods; antiviral; alkaline pH of 11 increased solubility and stability of AZT.

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4. Ganciclovir

Q0942 Wright,J., Zhang,G., Yu,T.S., Kernie,S.G. Age-Related Changes in the Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Pool Influence Brain Remodeling after Injury. Developmental Neuroscience 2011; 32(-5-6-):499-509. >>> Ganciclovir; SC; Mice; 1002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ distilled water; animal info (P14, 2 wks old).

Q0815 Madison,R.D., Sofroniew,M.V., Robinson,G.A. SCHWANN CELL INFLUENCE ON MOTOR NEURON REGENERATION ACCURACY. Neuroscience 2009; 163(-1-):213-221. >>> Ganciclovir; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (TK, male, female, 20-22 g); incorrectly listed Model 1007 used.

Q0783 Zhai,H.Y., Heppner,F.L., Tsirka,S.E. Microglia/Macrophages Promote Glioma Progression. Glia 2011; 59(-3-):472-485. >>> Ganciclovir; macrophage/microglia inhibitory factor; tuftsin; CSF/CNS (intratumoral); Mice; 14, 28 days; Negative controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (12-16 wks old, male, CD11b-HSVTK +/-, 25-30 g, C57BL/6); cancer (glioma); Plastics One guide cannula used; macrophage/microglia inhibitory factor also known as MIF/TKP is a tripeptide; tuftsin also known as threonine-lysine-proline-arginin or TKPR.

Q0771 Huang,G.J., Smith,A.L., Gray,D.H.D., Cosgrove,C., Singer,B.H., Edwards,A., Sim,S., Parent,J.M., Johnsen,A., Mott,R., Mathis,D., Klenerman,P., Benoist,C., Flint,J. A Genetic and Functional Relationship between T Cells and Cellular Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampus. PLOS BIOLOGY 2010; 8(-12-):U107-U116. >>> Ganciclovir; CSF/CNS; Mice; 2004; 4 weeks; Animal info (GFAP-tk, nestin-tk); ALZET brain infusion kit 3 used.

Q0695 Blaiss,C.A., Yu,T.S., Zhang,G., Chen,J.A., Dimchev,G., Parada,L.F., Powell,C.M., Kernie,S.G. Temporally Specified Genetic Ablation of Neurogenesis Impairs Cognitive Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Neuroscience 2011; 31(-13-):4906-4916. >>> Ganciclovir; Water, deionized; SC; Mice; 2002; 2 weeks; 30 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (6 wks old, male, wild-type, nestin-HSV-tk); wound clips used; behavioral testing (Morris water maze, fear conditioning).

Q0507 Mirrione,M.M., Konomos,D.K., Gravanis,I., Dewey,S.L., Aguzzi,A., Heppner,F.L., Tsirka,S.E. Microglial ablation and lipopolysaccharide preconditioning affects pilocarpine-induced seizures in mice. NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE 2010; 39(-1-):85-97. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline; PBS; CSF/CNS (hippocampus); Mice; 1002; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; post op. care (buprenorphine HCl); animal info (CD1 1b-, HSVTk +/-, wt, male, female, adult, 20-25 g); Plastics One guide cannula used.

P9957 Jin,K.L., Wang,X.M., Xie,L., Mao,X.O., Greenberg,D.A. Transgenic ablation of doublecortin-expressing cells suppresses adult neurogenesis and worsens stroke outcome in mice. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2010; 107(-17-):7993-7998. >>> Ganciclovir; CSF/CNS; Mice (transgenic); 1002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (DCX-Tk); incorrectly stated 1003D pumps used.

P9836 Teisanu,R.M., Lagasse,E., Whitesides,J.F., Stripp,B.R. Prospective Isolation of Bronchiolar Stem Cells Based Upon Immunophenotypic and Autofluorescence Characteristics. Stem Cells 2009; 27(-3-):612-622. >>> Ganciclovir; PBS; Mice (transgenic); 2001D; 24 hours; Animal info (2-6 months old, CCSP-HSV+k).

P9804 Singer,B.H., Jutkiewicz,E.M., Fuller,C.L., Lichtenwalner,R.J., Zhang,H., Velander,A.J., Li,X.Q., Gnegy,M.E., Burant,C.F., Parent,J.M. Conditional Ablation and Recovery of Forebrain Neurogenesis in the Mouse. Journal of Comparative Neurology 2009; 514(-6-):567-582. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline; CSF/CNS; Mice; 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (572); ALZET brain infusion kit 3 used; animal info (8-12 wks old, Nestin tk+. wt); "we did not observe any differences in the overt behavior of wild-type or nestin-tk+ mice, and there was no mortality following GCV administration." pg 572.

P9704 Kaneko,S., Mastaglio,S., Bondanza,A., Ponzoni,M., Sanvito,F., Aldrighetti,L., Radrizzani,M., La Seta-Catamancio,S., Provasi,E., Mondino,A., Nagasawa,T., Fleischhauer,K., Russo,V., Traversari,C., Ciceri,F., Bordignon,C., Bonini,C. IL-7 and IL-15 allow the generation of suicide gene-modified alloreactive self-renewing central memory human T lymphocytes. Blood 2009; 113(-5-):1006-1015. >>> Ganciclovir; SC; Mice (SCID); 7 days; Controls received mp w/PBS; animal info (6-8 wks old, female, NOD/Scid); "ALZET pumps...were implanted subcutaneously to ensure drug release at a contant rate" pg 1008.

P9511 Uchibori,R., Okada,T., Ito,T., Urabe,M., Mizukami,H., Kume,A., Ozawa,K. Retroviral vector-producing mesenchymal stem cells for targeted suicide cancer gene therapy. JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE 2009; 11(-5-):373-381. >>> Ganciclovir; IP; Mice (nude); 28 days; Controls received mp w/ PBS; animal info (6 wks old, male, Balb/c, nu/nu); gene therapy.

P9471 Zemke,A.C., Snyder,J.C., Brockway,B.L., Drake,J.A., Reynolds,S.D., Kaminski,N., Stripp,B.R. Molecular Staging of Epithelial Maturation Using Secretory Cell-Specific Genes as Markers. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2009; 40(-3-):340-348. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline; Mice (transgenic); 2002; 6, 9 days; Controls received no treatment; animal info (male, CCSP-HSVtK, 8-10 wks old); airway injury model.

P9446 Snyder,J.C., Zemke,A.C., Stripp,B.R. Reparative Capacity of Airway Epithelium Impacts Deposition and Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2009; 40(-6-):633-642. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline, pyrogen free; Mice (transgenic); 2002; 3, 6, 9, 10 days; Controls received no treatment; animal info (adult, FVB/N CCtK); airway injury model.

P9379 Gowing,G., Philips,T., Van Wijmeersch,B., Audet,J.N., Dewil,M., Van den Bosch,L., Billiau,A.D., Robberecht,W., Julien,J.P. Ablation of Proliferating Microglia Does Not Affect Motor Neuron Degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Caused by Mutant Superoxide Dismutase. Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28(-41-):10234-10244. >>> Ganciclovir; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Mice (transgenic); 2004; 30 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (CD11b-Tkmt-30-SOD1G93A Tg, 85 days old); neurodegenerative (ALS); IP injection of ganciclovir given 24 hours before and during mp implantation surgery; behavioral testing (hindlimb reflex); "chronic and systemic injection of the nucleoside analog ganciclovir is lethal for CD11b-Tkmut30 transgenic mice, and ganciclovir is not highly diffusable within CNS tissue... To overcome this constraint, we proceeded with direct delivery of ganciclovir to the spinal cord via an osmotic pump connected to a cannula located in the intrathecal space." (p. 10240).

P9232 Yu,T.S., Zhang,G., Liebl,D.J., Kernie,S.G. Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Hippocampal Neurogenesis Requires Activation of Early Nestin-Expressing Progenitors. Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28(-48-):12901-12912. >>> Ganciclovir; Water, deionized; SC; Mice (transgenic); 2002; 4, 5 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced every 2 weeks; animal info (C57BL/6, 6 wks old, dHSV-TK, wt, brain injury (CC1)).

P8865 Kobayashi,M., Okada,T., Murakami,T., Ozawa,K., Kobayashi,E., Morita,T. Tissue-targeted in vivo gene transfer coupled with histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide (FK228) enhances adenoviral infection in rat renal cancer allograft model systems. UROLOGY 2007; 70(-6-):1230-1236. >>> Ganciclovir; IP; Rat; 7 days; Gene therapy; animal info (male, ACI, 6-8 wks old).

P8782 Giraud,S., Barrou,B., Sebillaud,S., Debre,P., Klatzmann,D., Thomas-Vaslin,V. Transient depletion of dividing T lymphocytes in mice induces the emergence of regulatory T cells and dominant tolerance to islet allografts. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2008; 8(-5-):942-953. >>> Ganciclovir; Water, pyrogen-free; SC; Mice; mice (transgenic); 2001; 2002; 7, 14 days; STZ-induced diabetes, animal info (FVB EpCD4TK, FVB/N, B6 islet allograft, skin allograft).

P8337 Saxe,M.D., Battaglia,F., Wang,J.W., Malleret,G., David,D.J., Monckton,J.E., Garcia,A.D.R., Scifroniew,M.V., Kandel,E.R., Santarelli,L., Hen,R., Drew,M.R. Ablation of hippocampal neurogenesis impairs contextual fear conditioning and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2006; 103(-46-):17501-17506. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice (transgenic); 6 weeks; Animal info (male, C57BL/6, BALB/C, 12-20 weeks old).

P8323 Shibata,M.A., Morimoto,J., Doi,H., Morishima,S., Naka,M., Otsuki,Y. Electrogene therapy using endostatin, with or without suicide gene therapy, suppresses murine mammary tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Gene Therapy 2007; 14(-3-):268-278. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ agent and empty control vector; long-term study; pumps replaced every 14 days; no stress (see pg. 271); cancer (mammary adenocarcinoma); animal info (BALB/C, female, 20-24 grams).

P8243 Saxe,M.D., Malleret,G., Vronskaya,S., Mendez,I., Garcia,A.D., Sofroniew,M.V., Kandel,E.R., Hen,R. Paradoxical Influence of hippocampal neurogenesis on working memory. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2007; 104(-11-):4642-4646. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice (transgenic); 2004; 8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ agent but did not contain GFAP-Tk Tg; long-term study; pumps replaced after 4 weeks, with 2 weeks in between implantations; no stress (see pg. 4643); animal info (male, C57BL/6-BALB/C, 12-20 weeks old); "Because this system has previously been shown to cause gastrointestinal toxicity at high doses (16), we delivered a constant low dose of GCV for several weeks via SC osmotic minipumps...This modification achieved a nearly complete reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis...but resulted in no effects on activity, body weight, food consumption, or (GI) pathology." (p. 4643).

P8110 Iwasaki,Y., Ueda,M., Yamada,T., Kondo,A., Seno,M., Tanizawa,K., Kuroda,S., Sakamoto,M., Kitajima,M. Gene therapy of liver tumors with human liver-specific nanoparticles. Cancer Gene Therapy 2007; 14(-1-):74-81. >>> Ganciclovir; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (nude); 12 days; Controls received mp w/ agent and plasmid w/out gene therapy gene; no stress (see p.78); cancer (liver); gene therapy; animal info (male, F344/N, nu/nu, 5 wks old, 180g., NuE hepatic tumors); GCV acts as pro-drug for HSV-tk expression plasmid gene therapy.

P8074 Myer,D.J., Gurkoff,G.G., Lee,S.M., Hovda,D.A., Sofroniew,M.V. Essential protective roles of reactive astrocytes in traumatic brain injury. Brain 2006; 129(-;-):2761-2772. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline, sterile physiological; SC; Mice (transgenic); mice; 7 days; Animal info (C57BL/, wt or GFAP-TK Tg, contusion injury by controlled cortical impact); traumatic brain injury.

P7936 Bondanza,A., Valtolina,V., Magnani,Z., Ponzoni,M., Fleischhauer,K., Bonyhadi,M., Traversari,C., Sanvito,F., Toma,S., Radrizzani,M., La Seta-Catamancio,S., Ciceri,F., Bordignon,C., Bonini,C. Suicide gene therapy of graft-versus-host disease induced by central memory human T lymphocytes. Blood 2006; 107(-5-):1828-1836. >>> Ganciclovir; SC; Mice (SCID); 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; animal info (female, NOD/SCID, 6-8 weeks old, GvHD); gene therapy.

P7923 Simard,A.R., Soulet,D., Gowing,G., Julien,J.P., Rivest,S. Bone marrow-derived microglia play a critical role in restricting senile plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2006; 49(-4-):489-502. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline; HCL; CSF/CNS; Mice (transgenic); 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit 3 used; neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease); animal info (15-24 weeks old).

P7655 Ito,M., Liu,Y.P., Yang,Z.X., Nguyen,J., Liang,F., Morris,R.J., Cotsarelis,G. Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge contribute to wound repair but not to homeostasis of the epidermis. Nature Medicine 2005; 11(-12-):1351-1354. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice (SCID); 2002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; animal info (Krt 1-15-HSV-TK transgenic skin grafted onto CB17I cr-scid/scid).

P6992 Wolfe,D., Niranjan,A., Trichel,A., Wiley,C., Ozuer,A., Kanal,E., Kondziolka,D., Krisky,D., Goss,J., DeLuca,N., Murphey-Corb,M., Glorioso,J.C. Safety and biodistribution studies of an HSV multigene vector following intracranial delivery to non-human primates. Gene Therapy 2004; 11(-23-):1675-1684. >>> Ganciclovir; SC; Monkey (Rhesus); 2ML1; 2ML2; 4,5,34,35 days; Pumps replaced after 2 weeks; no stress (see pg. 1677); cancer (glioblastoma); toxicology; MRI; multiple pumps per animal (2); gene therapy.

P6886 Reynolds,S.D., Giangreco,A., Hong,K.U., McGrath,K.E., Ortiz,L.A., Stripp,B.R. Airway injury in lung disease pathophysiology: selective depletion of airway stem and progenitor cell pools potentiates lung inflammation and alveolar dysfunction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 287(-6-):L1256-L1265. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline; Mice (transgenic); 6-14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute GCV vs. mp; no stress (see pg. L1262); "No evidence of infection at the pump insertion site, pneumonia or sepsis was noted in mice in either exposure protocol, at any time point." (p. L1262).

P6734 Hong,K.U., Reynolds,S.D., Watkins,S., Fuchs,E., Stripp,B.R. Basal cells are a multipotent progenitor capable of renewing the bronchial epithelium. American Journal of Pathology 2004; 164(-2-):577-588. >>> Ganciclovir; uridine, bromodeoxy-; Saline; SC; Mice (transgenic); 2002; 8 days, 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ BrdU; 2002 pump used for 8 days of BrdU infusion; GCV infused for 24 hours.

P6504 Faulkner,J.R., Herrmann,J.E., Woo,M.J., Tansey,K.E., Doan,N.B., Sofroniew,M.V. Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-9-):2143-2155. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline, sterile physiological; SC; Mice (transgenic); 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P6238 Morshead,C.M., Garcia,A.D., Sofroniew,M.V., van der Kooy,D. The ablation of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells from the adult central nervous system results in the loss of forebrain neural stem cells but not retinal stem cells. European Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 18(-1-):76-84. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline, physiological; CSF/CNS; Mice (transgenic); 1007D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle.

P5767 Reynolds,S.D., Hong,K.U., Giangreco,A., Mango,G.W., Guron,C., Morimoto,Y., Stripp,B.R. Conditional clara cell ablation reveals a self-renewing progenitor function of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278(-6-):L1256-L1263. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline; Mice (transgenic); 6,12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; gene therapy.

P5657 Herraiz,M., Beraza,N., Solano,A., Sangro,B., Montoya,J., Qian,C., Prieto,J., Bustos,M. Liver failure caused by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase plus ganciclovir therapy is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and mito chondrial DNA depletion. Human Gene Therapy 2003; 14(-5-):463-472. >>> Ganciclovir; Saline; IP; Rat; 2ML2; 3,7,10 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; gene therapy.

P5596 Doetsch,F., Petreanu,L., Caille,I., Garcia-Verdugo,J.M., Alvarez-Buylla,A. EGF converts transit-amplifying neurogenic precursors in the adult brain into multipotent stem cells. Neuron 2002; 36(-6-):1021-1034. >>> Epidermal growth factor; Ganciclovir; Saline; BSA; PBS; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1007D; 1002; 7 hours; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; Gene therapy; peptides; EGF was diluted in BSA-containing saline and infused for 7 hours, or 6 days in 1007D pumps; Ganciclovir was diluted in PBS and infused for 6 days via 1002 pumps.

P4580 Bush,T.G, Puvanachandra,N, Horner,C.H, Polito,A, Ostenfeld,T, Svendsen,C.N, Mucke,L, Johnson,M.H, Sofroniew,M.V. Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice.. Neuron 1999/6; 23(--):297-308. >>> Ganciclovir; memantine; Saline, sterile physiological; SC; Mice (transgenic); 7, 14 days; gene therapy; ganciclovir infused for 7 days; memantin infused for 14 days.

P4579 Bush,T.G, Savidge,T.C, Freeman,T.C, Cox,H.J, Campbell,E.A, Mucke,L, Johnson,M.H, Sofroniew,M.V. Fulminant jejuno-ileitis following ablation of enteric glia in adult transgenic mice.. Cell 1998/4/17; 93(--):189-201. >>> Ganciclovir;; Saline, sterile physiological; SC;; mice (transgenic); 2004; 2001; 2002; 1007D; 7, 14, 28 days; controls received no treatment; gene therapy.

P4512 Thomas-Vaslin,V, Bellier,B, Cohen,J.L, Boyer,O, Raynal-Raschilas,N, Glotz,Denis, Klatzmann,D. Prolonged allograft survival through conditional and specific ablation of alloreactive T cells expressing a suicide gene. Transplantation 2000/5/27; 69(-10-):2154-2161. >>> Ganciclovir;; Water;; SC;; mice (transgenic);; 2001; 2002;; 7, 14 days;; funtionality of mp verified by ganciclovir plasma levels by liquid chromatography; immunology; transplantation;.

P4467 Cohen,J.L, Boyer,O, Salomon,B, Onclercq,R, Charlotte,F, Bruel,S, Boisserie,G, Klatzmann,D. Prevention of graft-versus-host disease in mice using a suicide gene expressed in T lymphocytes. Blood 1997/6/15; 89(-12-):4636-4645. >>> Ganciclovir;; PBS;; SC;; mice;; 2001;; 7 days;; controls received mp w/vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; immunology; Gene therapy.

P3921 Benedetti,S., Dimeco,F., Pollo,B., Cirenei,B., Colombo,B.M., Bruzzone,M.G., Cattaneo,E., Vescovi,A., Didonato,S., Colombo,M.P., Finocchiaro,G. Limited efficacy of the hsv-tk/gcv system for gene therapy of malignant gliomas and perspectives for the combined transduction of the interleukin-4 gene. Human Gene Therapy 1997; 8(--):1345-1353. >>> Ganciclovir; Water; rat; mice (nude); 2002; 2ML2; 2 weeks; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; cancer; gene therapy.

P3574 Franken,M., Estabrooks,A., Cavacini,L., Sherburne,B., Wang,F., Scadden,D.T. Epstein-barr virus-driven gene therapy for EBV-related lymphomas. Nature Medicine 1996; 2(-12-):1379-1382. >>> Ganciclovir; mice (SCID); 7 days; controls received p w/ saline; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; cancer; gene therapy.

P3047 Wallace,H., McLaren,K., Al-Shawi,R., Bishop,J.O. Consequences of thyroid hormone deficiency induced by the specific ablation of thyroid follicle cells in adult transgenic mice. J.Endocrinol. 1994; 143(--):107-120. >>> Ganciclovir; mice; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with PBS; comparison of ip injections vs. mp.

P2284 Golumbek,P.T., Hamzeh,F.M., Jaffee,E.M., Levitsky,H., Lietman,P.S., Pardoll,D.M. Herpes simplex-1 virus thymidine kinase gene is unable to completely eliminate live, nonimmunogenic tumor cell vaccines. J.Immunother. 1992; 12(--):224-230. >>> Ganciclovir; SC; mice; 2002; 2-4 weeks; controls received mp w/vehicle; pumps replaced; immunology; Gene therapy.

P2129 Wallace,H., Ledent,C., Vassart,G., Bishop,J.O. Specific ablation of thyroid follicle cells in adult transgenic mice. Endocrinology 1991; 129(-6-):3217-3226. >>> Ganciclovir; SC; mice; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with saline; also called DHPG.

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5. Interferons

Q0408 Ryu,H.J., Kim,J.E., Kim,M.J., Kwon,H.J., Suh,S.W., Song,H.K., Kang,T.C. THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKIN-18 AND INTERFERON-gamma ON NEURONAL DAMAGES IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWING STATUS EPILEPTICUS. Neuroscience 2010; 170(-3-):711-721. >>> Antibody, anti IL-18; IL-18, recomb. rat; interferon, gamma, recomb. rat; antibody, anti interferon, gamma; IL-18 receptor antagonist; interferon, gamma, receptor antagonist; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1007D; 1 week; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (Sprague Dawley, 7 wks old); ALZET brain infusion kit 1 used.

P9920 Bott,R.C., Ashley,R.L., Henkes,L.E., Antoniazzi,A.Q., Bruemmer,J.E., Niswender,G.D., Bazer,F.W., Spencer,T.E., Smirnova,N.P., Anthony,R.V., Hansen,T.R. Uterine Vein Infusion of Interferon Tau (IFNT) Extends Luteal Life Span in Ewes. Biology of Reproduction 2010; 82(-4-):725-735. >>> Interferon-tau, recomb, ovine; IV (uterine vein); Sheep (ewe); 2001D; 2ML1; 7 days; 24 hours; Controls recieved mp w/BSA or sham surgeries; animal info (white-faced, western range ewe); cyanoacrylate adhesive.

P9580 Tzima,S., Victoratos,P., Kranidioti,K., Alexiou,M., Kollias,G. Myeloid heme oxygenase-1 regulates innate immunity and autoimmunity by modulating IFN-beta production. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2009; 206(-5-):1167-1179. >>> Interferon-beta, recomb. human; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Animal info (Hmox1 KO).

P9300 Shinohara,A., Koyanagi,S., Hamdan,A.M., Matsunaga,N., Aramaki,H., Ohdo,S. Dosing schedule-dependent change in the disruptive effects of interferon-alpha on the circadian clock function. LIFE SCIENCES 2008; 83(-15-16-):574-580. >>> Interferon-alpha, recomb. human; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 579) "relatively short"; peptides; animal info (male, ICR, 5 wks old); behavioral testing (locomotor activity).

P8835 Rogers,A.B., Theve,E.J., Feng,Y., Fry,R.C., Taghizadeh,K., Clapp,K.M., Boussahmain,C., Cormier,K.S., Fox,J.G. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with liver-gender disruption in male mice. Cancer Research 2007; 67(-24-):11536-11546. >>> Interferon-gamma, recomb. murine; SC; Mice; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cancer (tumorigenic hepatitis, liver); peptides; animal info (male, female, A/JCr).

P8739 Qiao,X.T., Ziel,J.W., Mckimpson,W., Madison,B.B., Todisco,A., Merchant,J.L., Samuelson,L.C., Gumucio,D.L. Prospective identification of a multilineage progenitor in murine stomach epithelium. Gastroenterology 2007; 133(-6-):1989-1998. >>> Interferon-gamma; PBS; BSA; IP; Mice (transgenic); 2, 8, 12 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; peptides; animal info (12.4 KVil-EGFP tg; C57BL/6J; 4 months old); long-term study.

P8261 Si,Y., Ciccone,S., Yang,F.C., Yuan,J., Zeng,D., Chen,S., van de Vrugt,H.J., Critser,J., Arwert,F., Haneline,L.S., Clapp,D.W. Continuous in vivo infusion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enhances engraftment of syngeneic wild-type cells in Fanca-/- and Fancg-/- mice. Blood 2006; 108(-13-):4283-4287. >>> Interferon-gamma, mouse; PBS; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 4286); immunology; peptides; animal info (C57BL/6).

P7725 Birk,R.Z., Rubinstein,M. IFN-alpha induces apoptosis of adipose tissue cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006; 345(-2-):669-674. >>> Interferon-a A/D, recomb. human; Saline; SC; Mice; 8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (C57BL/6, diet-induced obese).

P7447 Kang,W.Q., Rathinavelu,S., Samuelson,L.C., Merchant,J.L. Interferon gamma induction of gastric mucous neck cell hypertrophy. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION 2005; 85(-5-):702-715. >>> Interferon-gamma, recomb. mouse; IP; Mice; 1002; 14 days; Controls received PBS; animal info (c57BL/6).

P7184 Mathian,A., Weinberg,A., Gallegos,M., Banchereau,J., Koutouzov,S. IFN-alpha induces early lethal lupus in preautoimmune (New Zealand black x New Zealand White)F1 but not in BALB/c mice1. Journal of Immunology 2005; 174(-5-):2499-2506. >>> Interferon, mouse; PBS; BSA; SC; Mice; 1002; 8-10 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced every 2 weeks; immunology.

P7132 Brooling,J.T., Campbell,J.S., Mitchell,C., Yeoh,G.C., Fausto,N. Differential regulation of rodent hepatocyte and oval cell proliferation by interferon gamma. Hepatology 2005; 41(-4-):906-915. >>> Interferon-gamma, recomb. mouse; SC; Mice; 4-6 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; replacement therapy (hepatectomy).

P7042 Li,X.X., Yang,Y.Z., Yuan,J., Hong,P., Freie,B., Orazi,A., Haneline,L.S., Clapp,D.W. Continuous in vivo infusion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) preferentially reduces myeloid progenitor numbers and enhances engraftment of syngeneic wild-type cells in Fancc(-/-) mice. Blood 2004; 104(-4-):1204-1209. >>> Interferon-gamma, murine; PBS; SC; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 7); no stress (pg. 1209); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 1205) "modest though not significant rise in peripheral white blood cell count" (pg. 1205); "IFN-gamma was overall well tolerated by both WT and Fancc -/- mice." (pg. 1208); hematology.

P6764 Frewert,S., Stockhammer,F., Warschewske,G., Zenclussen,A.C., Rupprecht,S., Volk,H.D., Woiciechowsky,C. Intratumoral infusion of interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma; induces tumor invasion with macrophages and lymphocytes in a rat glioma model. Neuroscience Letters 2004; 364(-3-):145-148. >>> Interleukin-1, beta recomb. rat; Interferon-gamma, recomb. rat; Saline, physiological; albumin, human serum; CSF/CNS (intratumoral); Rat; 1003D; 48 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tissue perfusion (tumor); cancer (glioma).

P6142 Koyanagi,S., Ohdo,S. Alteration of intrinsic biological rhythms during interferon treatment and its possible mechanism. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 62(-6-):1393-1399. >>> Interferon-alpha; Saline, sterile; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; immunology; peptides.

P6048 Zavros,Y., Rathinavelu,S., Kao,J.Y., Todisco,A., Del Valle,J., Weinstock,J.V., Low,M.J., Merchant,J.L. Treatment of Helicobacter gastritis with IL-4 requires somatostatin. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003; 100(-22-):12944-12949. >>> Interleukin-4; interferon-gamma; PBS; IP; Mice; 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of IP injections vs. IP mp.

P5102 Skovseth,D.K., Yamanaka,T., Brandtzaeg,P., Butcher,E.C., Haraldsen,G. Vascular morphogenesis and differentiation after adoptive transfer of human endothelial cells to immunodeficient mice. American Journal of Pathology 2002; 160(-5-):1629-1637. >>> Interferon-gamma; Abdominal wall; mice; 2004; ; tissue perfusion (abdominal wall); immunology; peptides; pump implanted SC, catheter tube perfused matrigel plug in abdominal wall..

P4675 Jander,S, Schroetter,M, Fischer,J, Stoll,G. Differential regulation of microglial keratan sulfate immunoreactivity by proinflammatory cytokines and colony-stimulating factors.. Glia 2000; 30(--):401-410. >>> Interferon-gamma; Tumor necrosis factor-a;; PBS, sterile;; CSF/CNS;; rat;; 1007D;; 6 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; immunology; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used; proinflammatory cytokines;.

P4551 Nedelec,B, Dodd,C.M, Scott,P.G, Ghahary,A., Tredget,E.E. Effect of interferon-alpha 2b on guinea pig wound closure and the expression of cytoskeletal proteins in vivo.. Wound Repair and Regeneration 1998/6/1; 6(--):202-212. >>> Interferon-a2b; Saline, sterile; IP; Guinea-pig; 2ML4; 7, 14, 21 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; wound healing study.

P4477 Voest,E.E, Kenyon,B.M, O'Reilly,M.S, Truitt,G, D'Amato,R.J, Folkman,J. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by interleukin 12.. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1995; 87(-8-):581-586. >>> Interferon-gamma; Saline; IM; Mice (scid); 2002; ; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by checking residual volume; comparison of bolus invections vs. mp; cancer; immunology; angiogenesis inhibitor; recomb. murine interferon-gamma used; "... in comparison with bolus injections, continuous intraperitoneal infusion of IFN gamma achieved enhanced inhibition of angiogenesis ..." (p. 585).

P3986 Henke,P.K., Bergamini,T.M., Watson,A.L., Brittian,K.R., Powell,D.W., Peyton,J.C. Bacterial products primarily mediate fibroblast inhibition in biomaterial infection. J.Surg.Res. 1998; 74(--):17-22. >>> Antibody, anti-interferon gamma; Antibody, indomethacin; Antibody, anti-TNFa; Antibody, interleukin 1 alpha; PBS, sterile; ETOH; Indomethacin; SC; mice; 1007D; 7 days; immunology; pump implanted next to Dacron graft; peptides.

P3731 Galbiati,F., Rogge,L., Guery,J.-C., Smiroldo,S., Adorini,L. Regulation of the IL-12 receptor B2 subunit by soluble antigen and IL-12 in vivo. Eur.J.Immunol. 1998; 28(--):209-220. >>> Interleukin-12; Interleukin-2; Lysozyme, hen egg white; Ovalbumin; Interferon-gamma; PBS; Albumin, mouse serum; SC; mice; 2001; 9 days; controls received mp w/ PBS; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; immunology; peptides; agents infused singly or in combination in the same pump; recomb. human IL-2 used; recomb. mouse IFN-gamma used.

P3567 Tsuji-Takayama,K., Harashima,A., Tahata,H., Izumi,N., Nishida,Y., Namba,M., Okuda,Y., Ohta,T., Kurimoto,M. IFN-gamma in combination with IL-3 accelerates platelet recovery in mice with 5-fluorouracil-induced marrow aplasia. J.Interferon and Cytokine Res. 1996; 16(--):447-451. >>> Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-3; Albumin, mouse serum; PBS; SC; mice; 1007D; 7 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; stability verified after 7 day storage; immunology; peptides; cytokines given singly and together.

P3501 Siesjo,P., Visse,E., Sjogren,H.O. Cure of established, intracerebral rat gliomas induced by therapeutic immunizations with tumor cells and purified APC or adjuvant IFN-gamma treatment. J.Immunol. 1996; 19(-5-):334-345. >>> Interferon-gamma; SC; CSF/CNS; rat; 14 days; cancer; immunology; peptides; ALZET brain infusion kit used.

P3104 Unemori,E.N., Beck,L.S., Lee,W.P., Xu,Y., Siegel,M., Keller,G., Liggitt,H.D., Bauer,E.A., Amento,E.P. Human relaxin decreases collagen accumulation in vivo in two rodent models of fibrosis. J.Invest.Dermatol. 1993; 101(--):280-285. >>> Relaxin; Interferon-gamma; PBS; SC; rat; mice; 2002; no duration posted; controls received mp with vehicle; immunology; multiple pumps per animal (1-2) for relaxin delivery; polyvinyl alcohol sponges implanted subcutaneously in rats for fibrotic infiltration; intentional capsule formation in mice analyzed.

P3004 Flynn,J.L., Chan,J., Triebold,K.J., Dalton,D.K., Stewart,T.A., Bloom,B.R. An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J.Exp.Med. 1993; 178(--):2249-2254. >>> Interferon-gamma; PBS; SC; mice; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ PBS or could endogenously produce IFN; replacement therapy (genetic inability to produce IFN-gamma); comparison of im injections vs. mp; circulating half-life of IFN-gamma in mice is about 1 hour; continuous delivery of IFN-gamma prolonged survival longer than did IFN injections (12 vs. 4 days longer than controls); mouse IFN-gamma used.

P2948 Curfs,J.H.A.J., van der Meide,P.H., Billiau,A., Meuwissen,J.H.E.Th., Eling,W.M.C. Plasmodium berghei: recombinant interferon-y and the development of parasitemia and cerebral lesions in malaria-infected mice. Exp.Parasitology 1993; 77(--):212-223. >>> Interferon-gamma; Saline, isotonic; IP; mice; mice (nude); 2002; no duration posted; controls were untreated, or treated but uninfected; ". . .daily injection of a bolus of 105 units of IFN-gamma is not lethal, whereas even a lower daily total dose of 2.5 x 104 units of IFN-gamma administered by continuous release is lethally toxic."; only continuous delivery was able to prevent development of cerebral malaria; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; recomb. rat IFN-gamma.

P2935 Rapp,J., Dallah,C.N., Schulz-Key,H. Parenteral administration of cytokines and drugs in rodent filariasis via osmotic pumps. Parasite 1994; 1(-1S-):35-37. >>> Interferon-gamma; SC; mice; 2002; 14 days; controls received mp with PBS or were untreated; no stress (see pg. 37); immunology; "implantation of osmotic pumps is a suitable method for the application of short lived substances like IFN-gamma or other cytokines."; incision heals within three days and animals show no signs of discomfort, making pumps a useful alternative to repeated injections especially for rodents..."; recomb. mouse IFN-gamma used.

P2677 Drath,D.B., Do,C., Burd,T., Hong,L.L. Activation of a distinct subpopulation of pulmonary macrophages following exposure to biological response modifiers. Immunol.Invest. 1994; 23(-2-):115-127. >>> Interferon-gamma; S-MDP, free; S-MDP, liposome-encapsulated; SC; rat; 7 days; comparison of bolus tracheal injections, iv administration and mp; immunology; peptides; IFN-gamma and S-MDP were most effective when delivered either intravenously or via osmotic minipump infusion; S-MDP is lipophilic N-acetylmuramyl-6-0-stearoyl-alanyl-D-isoglutamine; recomb. mouse IFN-gamma used.

P2625 Wiranowska,M., Prockop,L.D., Naidu,A.K., Saporta,S., Kori,S., Kulkarni,A.P. Interferon entry through the blood-brain barrier in glioma and its effect on lipoxygenase activity. Anticancer Res. 1994; 14(--):1121-1126. >>> Interferon-a/B, mouse; Interferon-gamma; SC; mice; 3 days; cancer; peptides; recomb. mouse IFN-gamma used.

P2533 Rockey,D.C., Chung,J.J. Interferon gamma inhibits lipocyte activation and extracellular matrix mRNA expression during experimental liver injury: implications for treatment of hepatic fibrosis. J.Invest.Med. 1994; 42(-4-):660-670. >>> Interferon-gamma; PBS; Albumin, bovine serum; IP; rat; 2ML4; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ vehicle; immunology; peptides; rat IFN-gamma used.

P2494 Rosiello,R.A., Merrill,W.W., Rockwell,S., Carter,D., Cooper Jr,J.A.D., Care,S., Amento,E.P. Radiation pneumonitis: bronchoalveolar lavage assessment and modulation by a recombinant cytokine. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis. 1993; 148(--):1671-1676. >>> Interferon-gamma; SC; rat; 26 days; peptides; oncology.

P2301 Kuhn,J.A., Wong,J.Y.C., Beatty,B.G., Esteban,J.M., Williams,L.E., Beatty,J.D. Gamma-interferon enhancement of carcinoembryonic antigen expression in human colon carcinoma xenografts. J.Immunother. 1992; 11(--):257-266. >>> Interferon-gamma; Albumin, bovine serum; PBS; SC; mice; 1007D; 3-7 days; functionality of mp verified by residual amounts; dose-response (text p. 259, graph p. 260); comparison of ip injections vs. infusion; cancer; immunology; peptides; biological activity of residual in pump diminished 15% by day 4, 25% by day 6 (p. 262); recomb. human IFN-gamma used.

P2121 Wiranowska,M., Gonzalvo,A.A., Saporta,S., Gonzalez,O.R., Prockop,L.D. Evaluation of blood-brain barrier permeability and the effect of interferon in mouse glioma model. J.Neurooncology 1992; 14(--):225-236. >>> Interferon-a/B, mouse; SC; mice; 1003D; 3 days; cancer; homologous mouse IFN-a/B used.

P1999 Denis,M. Involvement of cytokines in determining resistance and acquired immunity in murine tuberculosis. J.Leukoc.Biol. 1991; 50(--):495-501. >>> Interferon-gamma, inactivated; Tumor necrosis factor-a; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-2, inactivated; Tumor necrosis factor-a, inactivated; IP; mice; 2002; no duration posted; peptides.

P1947 Newton,G.R., Martinod,S., Hansen,P.J., Thatcher,W.W., Siegenthaler,B., Gerber,C., Voirol,M.-J. Effect of bovine interferon on acute changes in body temperature and serum progesterone concentration in heifers. J.Dairy Sci. 1990; 73(--):3439-3448. >>> Interferon-a1; cattle; 2ML1; 5 days; peptides; serum IFN-a levels (p. 3445).

P1918 Granstein,R.D., Deak,M.R., Jacques,S.L., Margolis,R.J., Flotte,T.J., Whitaker,D., Long,F.H., Amento,E.P. The systemic administration of gamma interferon inhibits collagen synthesis and acute inflammation in a murine skin wound model. J.Invest.Dermatol. 1989; 93(-1-):18-27. >>> Interferon-gamma; PBS; Serum, mouse; IP; SC; mice; 2002; 14 days; peptides; wound healing.

P1845 Denis,M. Recombinant murine beta interferon enhances resistance of mice to systemic mycobacterium avium infection. Infect.Immun. 1991; 59(-5-):1857-1859. >>> Interferon-beta; mice; 2002; no duration posted; controls received pumps with heat-inactivated cytokines; peptides.

P1718 Murray,H.W. Effect of continuous administration of interferon-y in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J.Infect.Dis. 1990; 161(--):992-994. >>> Stibogluconate, sodium; Interferon-gamma; Albumin, bovine serum; Saline; SC; mice; 2002; 1 week; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; immunology; some mice received 2 pumps.

P1293 Guadagni,F., Schlom,J., Pothen,S., Pestka,S., Greiner,J.W. Parameters involved in the enhancement of monoclonal antibody targeting in vivo with recombinant interferon. Cancer Immunol.Immunother. 1988; 26(--):222-230. >>> Interferon-a, recomb. human; Saline; SC; mice (nude); 2001; 5-13 days; dose-response (graph); half life; comparison of i.m. injections vs. mp infusion; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; cancer/immunology; peptides.

P0987 Granstein,R.D., Murphy,G.F., Margolis,R.J., Byrne,M.H., Amento,E.P. Gamma-interferon inhibits collagen synthesis in vivo in the mouse. J.Clin.Invest. 1987; 79(-4-):1254-1258. >>> Interferon-gamma; PBS; Serum, mouse; SC; mice; 2002; 7-14 days; 2002, 7-14 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; peptides; immunology; stress/adverse reaction (fibrous tissue formation which was used to study effects of gamma-interferon).

P0957 Drath,D.B. Modulation of pulmonary macrophage superoxide release and tumoricidal activity following activation by biological response modifiers. Immunopharmacology 1986; 12(-2-):117-126. >>> Interferon-gamma; Liposomes; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/empty liposomes; liposome encapsulated agent and free agent; comparison of iv injections vs. mp infusion; cancer/immunology; peptides.

P0504 Heston,W.D.W., Fleischmann,J., Tackett,R.E., Ratliff,T.L. Effects of a-difluoromethylornithine and recombinant interferon-a2 on the growth of a human renal cell adenocarcinoma xenograft in nude mice. Cancer Res. 1984; 44(--):3220-3225. >>> Interferon-a2, recomb. human; SC; mice (nude); 2002; 4 weeks; pump replaced after 2 weeks; immunotherapy; controls received unidentified vehicle in mp; peptides; cancer; recomb. human IF-a2 used.

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6. PMEA

P1963 Lee,J.S., Mullaney,S., Bronson,R., Sharpe,A.H., Jaenisch,R., Balzarini,J., De Clercq,E., Ruprecht,R.M. Transplacental antiretroviral therapy with 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine is embryotoxic in transgenic mice. J.Acquir.Immune Defic.Syndr. 1991; 4(--):833-838. >>> PMEA; Mice; no duration posted; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; teratology; antiviral agent.

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7. R-95288

P3720 Agatsuma,T., Abe,K., Furukawa,H., Koga,R., Koizumi,M., Hotoda,H., Kaneko,M. Protection of hu-PBL-SCID/beige mice from HIV-1 infection by a 6-mer modified oligonucleotide, R-95288. Antiviral Res. 1997; 34(--):121-130. >>> R-95288; Saline; IP; SC; mice (SCID); 2002; no duration posted; controls received mp w/saline; antisense; mice were transplanted w/human peripheral blood leukocytes; R-95288 protects human chimeric mice against HIV-1 infection; AIDS.

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8. Ribavirin

P9134 Georges-Courbot,M.C., Contamin,H., Faure,C., Loth,P., Baize,S., Leyssen,P., Neyts,J., Deubel,V. Poly(I)-poly(C12U) but not ribavirin prevents death in a hamster model of Nipah Virus infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2006; 50(-5-):1768-1772. >>> Ribavirin; 6-aza-uridine; SC; Hamster; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ PBS; toxicology; animal info (2 months old, golden); Ribavirin is an antiviral agent; 6-aza-uridine is a triazmenucleoside.

P5453 Charlier,N., Leyssen,P., Paeshuyse,J., Drosten,C., Schmitz,H., Van Lommel,A., De Clercq,E., Neyts,J. Infection of SCID mice with Montana Myotis leukoencephalitis virus as a model for flavivirus encephalitis. Journal of General Virology 2002; 83(--):1887-1896. >>> Ribavirin; SC; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Ribavirin is an antiviral.

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9. SID 791

P3587 Datema,R., Rabin,L., Hincenbergs,M., Moreno,M.B., Warren,S., Linquist,V., Rosenwirth,B., Seifert,E., McCune,J.M. Antiviral efficacy in vivo of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus bicyclam SDZ SID 791 (JM 3100), an inhibitor of infectious cell entry. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1996; 40(-3-):750-754. >>> SID 791; Saline, sterile; SC; mice (SCID); mice; 2002; no duration posted; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels; dose-response; comparison of sc injections vs. mp; immunology; SID 791 is a bicyclam which inhibits HIV replication in vivo; human fetal liver&thymus transplanted into SCID mice.

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